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Pathology > Exam 2 (Lecutre 11) - Blood Flow Alterations, Shock, Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Lecutre 11) - Blood Flow Alterations, Shock, Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is shock?

A

Widespread hypoperfusion of cells and tissues due to inadequate effective circulating blood volume.

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2
Q

What are the mechanisms of shock?

A

1) Hypovolemic
- dehydrated/losing fluids

2) Cardiogenic
- heart is unable to fill/pump correctly

3) Maldistributive
- peripheral vasodilation
- anaphylactic: type I hypersensitivity; histamine
- septic: endotoxin, peptidoglycans, cytokines
- neurogenic: autonomic

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3
Q

Describe Hypovolemic Shock.

A

Loss of circulating fluid.

  - Loss of fluid may be internal or external
     - hemorrhage, burns, dehydration due to vomiting/diarrhea

  - Initially there is peripheral vasoconstriction

  - Later there is peripheral vasodilation
      - loss of vasomotor tone
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4
Q

Describe Cardiogenic Shock.

A

Pump failure for any reason
- Arrhythmia
- Cardiac tamponade (cardiac sac filled with fluid and heart can’t
push against it)

Leads to decreased cardiac output

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5
Q

Describe Blood Maldistributive Shock (or distributive/pooling of blood in microvasculature). AKA: Venous pooling

A

Septic shock, anaphylactic shock, and neurogenic shock all fit here.

  • Septic and Endotoxic Shock:
    • Bacteremia or septicemia
      • Leads to widespread endothelial damage
      • Gram-negative: LPS
      • Gram-positive: peptidoglycans, others
  • Anaphylactic Shock:
    • Systemic Type 1 hypersensitivity
      • IgE > mast cell degranulation > histamine release > systemic
        vasodilation
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6
Q

Describe Maldistributive Neurogenic Shock.

A

Blunt force trauma to spinal cord; fear; lightning strike; emotional stress.

Loss of sympathetic tone
- neural-induced vasodilation > peripheral vasodilation
- reduced blood pressure
- reduced venous return

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7
Q

What are the clinical findings of shock?

A
  • Muddy cool mucus membranes
  • Increased capillary refill time
  • Cool skin
  • Increased heart rate - weak, thready pulse
  • Increased respiratory rate
  • Hypotension
  • Oliguria (not producing urine)
  • Metabolic acidosis
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8
Q

What are the parts of the morphological diagnosis? Give some examples.

A

1) Organ and Process (+ exudate if inflammatory)

2) Distribution

3) Duration

4) +/- Severity (our examples will always be severe)

Examples:
- Lung: suppurative bronchopneumonia, cranioventral, acute, severe

  • Liver: necrosuppurative hepatitis, multifocal, acute, severe
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9
Q

What is inflammation of an artery?

A

Arteritis

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10
Q

What is inflammation of the bladder?

A

Cystitis

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11
Q

What is inflammation of the brain?

A

Encephalitis

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12
Q

What is inflammation of the cecum?

A

Typhlitis

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13
Q

What is inflammation of the connective tissue?

A

Cellulitis

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14
Q

What is inflammation of the eye?

A

Ophthalmitis

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15
Q

What is inflammation of fat?

A

Steatitis

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16
Q

What is inflammation of the intestine?

A

Enteritis

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17
Q

What is inflammation of the kidney?

A

Nephritis

18
Q

What is inflammation of a ligament?

A

Demitis

19
Q

What is inflammation of the liver?

A

Hepatitis

20
Q

What is inflammation of the lung?

A

Pneumonia

21
Q

What is inflammation of a lymph node?

A

Lymphadenitis

22
Q

What is inflammation of a muscle?

A

Myositis

23
Q

What is inflammation of the myocardium?

A

Myocarditis

24
Q

What is inflammation of a nerve?

A

Neuritis

25
Q

What is inflammation of the pancreas?

A

Pancreatitis

26
Q

What is inflammation of the pericardium?

A

Pericarditis

27
Q

What is inflammation of the peritoneum?

A

Peritonitis

28
Q

What is inflammation of the pleura?

A

Pleuritis

29
Q

What is inflammation of the sinuses?

A

Sinusitis

30
Q

What is inflammation of the skin?

A

Dermatitis

31
Q

What is inflammation of the spleen?

A

Splenitis

32
Q

What is inflammation of the stomach?

A

Gastritis

33
Q

What is inflammation of the trachea?

A

Tracheitis

34
Q

What is inflammation of the uterus?

A

Metritis

35
Q

What is inflammation of a vein?

A

Phlebitis

36
Q

List and describe the terms for a disease process.

A

1) -itis = inflammation (Ex: in kidney; nephritis)

2) -osis = degenerative or toxic (Ex: in kidney; nephrosis)

3) -opathy = generic “something wrong” (Ex: in kidney; nephropathy)

37
Q

Describe the distribution terms.

A

1) Focal
- one area of a lesion

2) Multifocal
- multiple lesions but normal tissue in between lesions

3) Locally extensive
- one pole/lobe, etc affected by lesion

4) Diffuse
- lesion is found throughout

38
Q

What are the different durations? How do we distinguish between each?

A

1) Peracute = minutes to hours

2) Acute = sudden edema/hemorrhage = < 48 hours

3) Subacute = > 48 hours but less than 1 week

4) Chronic = > 1 week; fibrous tissue involved

39
Q

What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

1) Redness (due to active hyperemia and vasodilation)
2) Pain (increased vascular permeability)
3) Heat (due to active hyperemia and vasodilation)
4) Swelling (increased fluids/increased cells)
5) Loss of function

40
Q

What types of exudates are associated with acute inflammation?

A

1) Serous
2) Fibrinous
3) Fibronecrotic
4) Mucoid or Catarrhal
5) Purulent or Suppurative
6) Eosinophilic
7) Hemorrhagic
8) Necrotizing

41
Q

What types of exudates are associated with chronic inflammation?

A

1) Lymphocytic/Plasmacytic
2) Granulomatous
3) Pyogranulomatous
4) Fibrosing
5) Proliferative

Pathology (21 decks)

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