Exam 1 (Lecture 3) - Cell Death and Apoptosis Flashcards
What is ballooning degeneration and what is an example of a pathogen that causes it?
Cells are unable to regulate their volume and swell. They become very large and eventually rupture.
Papular stomatitis virus in cattle is an example of a pathogen that causes it.
What are some characteristics of reversible cell injury?
1) Generalized cell swelling
2) Swelling of organelles (mitochondria)
3) Swelling of the cavitary network
4) Blebbing of the plasma membrane
5) Detachment of ribosomes from endoplasmic reticulum
6) Clumping of nuclear chromatin
What are some characteristics of irreversible cell injury?
1) Increased cell swelling
2) Disruption of lysosomes
3) Formation of amorphous densities in mitochondria
4) Membrane disruption in the cavitary network
5) Severe nuclear changes (pyknosis, karyorrhexis, and karyolysis)
What are the causes of irreversible cell injury?
1) Hypoxia
2) Membrane injury
- lipid peroxidation
- formation of lytic pores (membrane
attack complex (MAC))
Which tissues have a high susceptibility to hypoxia?
1) Neurons
2) Cardiac myocytes
3) Renal tubules
4) Endothelial cell
5) Hepatocytes
6) Pneumocytes
Which tissues have a low susceptibility to hypoxia?
1) Cartilage
2) Bone
3) Fat
4) Skin
What is the outcome of membrane injury?
Loss of selective permeability.
What is the role of calcium in cell death?
Increased cytosolic calcium can have the following effects:
1) Increased cytosolic Ca –> mitochondrial permeability transition –> decreased ATP production
2) Increased cytosolic Ca –> activation of cellular enzymes –> ATPase –> decreased ATP production
3) Increased “ –> activation of “ –> endonuclease –> nuclear damage
4) Increased “ –> activation of “ –> protease/phospholipase –> disruption of membranes and cytoskeletal proteins/phospholipids –> membrane damage
