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Abnormal Psychology > exam 2 lecture notes > Flashcards

exam 2 lecture notes Flashcards

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1
Q

what needs to be present for a MDE

A

at least one A symptom and multiple B symptoms that are present for most of the day/more often than not for a 2 week period and overall adds up to at least five symptoms

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2
Q

what is the difference between A1 and A2 symptoms when diagnosing a MDE

A

A1: gain of negative affect
A2: loss of positive affect

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3
Q

what needs to be present for a MDD

A

meet criteria for at least one MDE but no mania or hypomania

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4
Q

what are the two types of MDD

A

single episode
recurrent

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5
Q

when is the onset risk of an MDD

A

increases dramatically in early teen years

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6
Q

what needs to be present for a PDD

A

depressed mood for most of the day, more days than not, for 2 years (if under 18 then for 1 year)
- couples with 2 or more B symptoms

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7
Q

when is the usual onset for PDD

A

early 20s
early onset: before 21

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8
Q

what is the difference between MDD and PDD

A

MDD: usually shorter depressive episodes
PDD: longer depressive episodes

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9
Q

who created the cognitive model of depression

A

Beck

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10
Q

what are the four parts of the cognitive model of depression

A
  1. vulnerabilities to depressed thinking stems from early learning and cognitive abilities
  2. vulnerabilities + stress = negative thoughts
  3. negative thoughts are consolidated into negative beliefs about self, world, future, etc
  4. core beliefs feed back to bias cognitive processing and responses
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11
Q

what are the three levels of thinking involved in the cognitive model of depression

A
  1. depressive core beliefs
  2. negative core beliefs shape maladaptive cognitive style
  3. negative core beliefs lead to automatic negative thoughts
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12
Q

what is the usual attribution style with depression

A

internal
stable
global

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13
Q

what model of depression is supported by functional assessment

A

behavioral model

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14
Q

what are the steps of depression in the behavioral model

A
  1. conditions that contribute to the behavior –> behavior
  2. what happens after the behavior –> consequences
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15
Q

what is the goal of a functional assessment

A

to identify triggers for behaviors that lead to depression and replace them with other behaviors

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16
Q

what is behavioral activation

A

engaging in activities that promote wellness

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17
Q

what model of depression is learned helplessness a part of

A

behavioral model

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18
Q

what brain systems are involved in depression

A

ventral striatum
amygdala
ventromedial prefrontal cortex

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19
Q

what needs to be present to meet criteria for a manic episode

A

combination of criteria A plus 3 or 4 symptoms from criteria B lasting a week or more

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20
Q

what is the criteria that needs to be met for bipolar I disorder

A

presence of at least one manic episode

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21
Q

what is the age of onset risk period for bipolar disorder I

A

same as MDD (early teens - risk increases dramatically)

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22
Q

what is the criteria for a hypomanic episode

A

combination of criteria A plus 3 or 4 symptoms for 4-7 days
(with no hospitalization or significant impairment)

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23
Q

what is the criteria for bipolar II disorder

A

presence of one or more MDE and at least one hypomanic episode
(no manic episode)
- symptoms can cause a change in functioning but not marked impairment

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24
Q

what will bipolar II disorder usually evolve into

A

full manic or mixed episode

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25
Q

what are risk factors for mania

A

major life events
types of stressors will determine if it causes mania or depressive episode

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26
Q

what are reward activating events and what are they likely to trigger

A

“good stress”
more likely to trigger manic episode

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27
Q

what are failure and rejection type life events more likely to cause

A

depressive episodes

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28
Q

is it possible to have bipolar disorder without depression

A

yes but it is very rare

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29
Q

what does serotonin regulate

A

feeding
mood regulation
stress response

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30
Q

what is serotonin synthesized from

A

tryptophan

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31
Q

what is serotonin broken down by after it reuptake occurs

A

MAO
monoamine oxidase

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32
Q

what does MAO break down other than serotonin

A

NE and dopamine

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33
Q

what are MAOIs

A

monoamine oxidase inhibitors
(used to treat depression)

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34
Q

what are dual mode antidepressants

A

specific serotonin/NE reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

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35
Q

what kind of depression are medications that target dopamine useful for

A

anhedonic depression (loss of pleasure or interest)

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36
Q

what is the monoamine hypothesis

A

increasing synaptic serotonin, NE, dopamine increases mood

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37
Q

what are the benefits of psychotherapy

A

no side effects
can help with other things other than the main concern

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38
Q

what is behavioral activation therapy

A

identifying maladaptive behaviors and activities to change them to better behaviors and activities

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39
Q

what is cognitive behavioral therapy/cognitive restructuring

A

identifying maladaptive thoughts and identifying the automatic relationships with maladaptive thoughts to challenge them and create more adaptive thoughts

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40
Q

what NT are dysregulated with mania symptoms

A

dopamine
serotonin
NE
GABA
glutamate

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41
Q

how are drug treatments utilized for mania

A

meds are regulated based on current mood to stabilize the mood

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42
Q

what does lithium cause

A

decreased NE and glutamate
increased GABA

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43
Q

what does lithium treat and what is a con to using lithium

A

treats mania but depression
has a small therapeutic window

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44
Q

what two main structures is dopamine released into

A

basal ganglia
frontal lobe

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45
Q

where is dopamine released in the basal ganglia

A

mesolimbic pathway: links VTA to ventral striatum
(reinforcement and reward)

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46
Q

where is dopamine released in the frontal lobe

A

mesocortical system: links VTA to the PFC
(short term memory, planning, problem solving)

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47
Q

what happens to dopamine sensitivity with bipolar disorders

A

increased sensitivity to dopamine over time

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48
Q

what happens to dopamine sensitivity with unipolar depression

A

decreased availability of and sensitivity to dopamine

49
Q

what are three psychological treatments to treat mania

A

IPSRT (regulating schedule)
cognitive treatments
family focused treatments

50
Q

what do anxiety disorders include

A

disorders that share features of excessive fear and anxiety and related behavioral disorders

51
Q

what kind of stress leads to optimal performance

A

moderate stress

52
Q

how do the amygdala and hippocampus stimulate the hypothalamus

A

amygdala increases hypothalamus stimulation
hippocampus decreases hypothalamus stimulation

53
Q

what is the biggest difference between fear and anxiety

A

fear: in the moment fear with a distinct fight/flight response
anxiety: fear about the future with somatic symptoms

54
Q

how can cognitive vulnerabilities influence anxiety

A

biases toward stimuli and interpretations where related exposure to stress may trigger fear which is filtered through cognitive biases and ultimately leads to anxiety

55
Q

what are benzodiazepines

A

drugs that are GABA agonists and inhibit neurons in the hypothalamus and lead to less signaling from the hypothalamus

56
Q

what are NE antagonists

A

drugs that block the receptors where NE likes to bind so there is less stimulation of peripheral systems

57
Q

what are the 7 different anxiety disorders

A

panic disorder
agoraphobia
specific phobia
generalized anxiety disorder
social anxiety

OCD
PTSD

58
Q

what are panic attacks

A

abrupt surge of intense fear and discomfort that reaches a peak within minutes and coincides with 4+ of the symptoms on the list

59
Q

what are the 4 criteria for panic disorder

A

A. recurrent unexpected panic attacks
B. 1 attack or more was followed by 1 month of concern/worry over the panic attack and/or maladaptive change in behavior as a result of the panic attack
C. it is not better explained by another medical condition
D. it is not better explained by another mental disorder

60
Q

does everyone that experiences panic attacks develop an anxiety disorder

A

no, only a small percentage

61
Q

what is the onset of panic disorder

A

acute onset ages 21-23

62
Q

what is agoraphobia

A

A. marked fear/anxiety about 2+ of the situations on the list
B. situations are feared because of thoughts that the situation is unescapable

63
Q

can panic attacks be conditioned to cause fear and future panic attacks

A

yes both by classical and operant conditioning

64
Q

what are cognitive contributions agoraphobia and panic attacks/disorder

A

catastrophic thoughts: tendency to view bodily sensations as dangerous

65
Q

what are other contributions agoraphobia and panic attacks/disorder

A

biological sensitivity to have an “emergency” stress response
social stress
culture
early childhood-insecure attachment

66
Q

what are the 7 conditions that need to be met for a specific phobia

A

A. fear/anxiety
B. object/situation always provokes fear/anxiety
C. object/situation is actively avoided
D. fear/anxiety is out of proportion to the actual danger
E. persistent for 6+ months
F. causes distress/impairment
G. not better explained by another mental disorder

67
Q

what are the characteristics of blood-injection-injury phobia

A

decreased heart rate and blood pressure
inherited vasovagal response
onset = 9 yrs

68
Q

what are the characteristics of situational phobia

A

fear of specific situations
onset early to mid 20s

69
Q

what is the onset of animal phobias

A

7 yrs

70
Q

what is the onset of natural environment phobias

A

7 yrs

71
Q

are females or males more likely to have specific phobias

A

females

72
Q

what are two treatment options for specific phobias

A

exposure therapy (classical conditioning)
cognitive restructuring

73
Q

what are the three main symptoms of GAD

A

A. excessive anxiety or worry about lots of events more days than now
B. difficulty controlling worry
C. three or more C symptoms

74
Q

what is the duration for GAD

A

every day or an hour or more for 6+ months

75
Q

what is the age of onset of GAD

A

about 30 but can be gradual

76
Q

what is the main treatment for GAD

A

cognitive behavioral therapy

77
Q

what are the main symptoms of social phobia/SAD

A

fear/anxiety about 1 or more social situations
feel humiliated, embarrassed, rejected
almost always evokes fear/anxiety
social situations are avoided/endured with fear
anxiety is out of proportion to actual threat
persistent for 6+ months

78
Q

what is the ratio of M:F for SAD

A

1:1

79
Q

what is the age of onset for SAD

A

~13yrs

80
Q

what are the two main symptoms of OCD

A

report obsessions, compulsions, or both
obsessions/compulsions are time consuming (more than 1 hr per day) or cause distress/impairment

81
Q

what is the M:F ratio of OCD

A

1:1

82
Q

what is the age of onset for OCD

A

males 12-14
females early 20s

83
Q

what are the specifiers for PTSD

A

delayed expression
dissociative symptoms

84
Q

what increases resilience for PTSD

A

social support

85
Q

what brain structure is reduced in PTSD

A

reduced hippocampal volume

86
Q

what is the stress response in PTSD

A

cortisol –> hippocampus –> hypothalamus activity

87
Q

what are the three eating disorders

A

anorexia nervosa
bulimia nervosa
binge eating disorder

88
Q

what are the two specifiers for anorexia nervosa

A

restricting: no binging/purging in past 3 months
binge/purge type: recurrent episodes of binge eating

89
Q

what is the change that happens in the brain with anorexia nervosa

A

decreased grey matter

90
Q

what are two subtypes of binge eating disorder

A

dieting
negative affect

91
Q

what is the ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) involved in

A

associated with reward

92
Q

what is the dorsal striatum associated with

A

learning of habits and skills

93
Q

what is the basal ganglia composed of

A

ventral striatum
dorsal striatum

94
Q

what are pharmacokinetics

A

process by which drugs are absorbed/distributed in the body

95
Q

what are the 5 things that affect pharmacokinetics

A

R routes of administration
A absorption
D distribution in the body
M metabolism/inactivation
E excretion

96
Q

what three brain regions is dopamine primarily released into

A

basal ganglia
limbic regions
frontal lobe

97
Q

what do amphetamines and methamphetamines do to dopamine

A

cause dopamine terminals to release more dopamine into nucleus accumbens and block reuptake of dopamine

98
Q

what do nicotine/THC/morphine do to dopamine

A

stimulate dopamine neurons to fire more action potentials and therefore release more dopamine

99
Q

what are 5 examples of stimulants

A

cocaine
amphetamine
methamphetamine
nicotine
caffeine

100
Q

what does cocaine do to dopamine

A

increases synaptic levels of dopamine by inhibiting reuptake

101
Q

what does cocaine do to serotonin and NE

A

affects reuptake

102
Q

what three ways do amphetamines effect dopamine

A

increase dopamine release
block dopamine reuptake
makes dopamine reuptake transporter work backwards

103
Q

what are the differences between amphetamine and methamphetamine (2)

A

extra methyl group makes it easier to cross BBB and harder to breakdown
longer half life

104
Q

what is nicotine an agonist of

A

nACh receptor

105
Q

what do ACh receptors do in the CNS

A

modulate levels of other NTs
ACh release enhances memory and concentration

106
Q

what do ACh receptors do in the PNS

A

activate sympathetic nervous system to release epi and NE

107
Q

what receptors does caffeine block

A

adenosine receptors

108
Q

what does caffeine do to serotonin and dopamine

A

increase both

109
Q

what are two examples of depressants

A

barbiturates
alcohol

110
Q

what do barbiturates do in the brain

A

reduce GABA signals

111
Q

what does alcohol do in the brain

A

GABA-A agonist (inhibitory)
- decreases GABA receptor sensitivity
NMDA antagonist (excitatory)
- NMDA receptors increase level of response and binding sites

112
Q

what NT do cannabinoids effect

A

dopamine

113
Q

what is a prodrome

A

period of early, lower level symptoms

114
Q

what is thorazine

A

dopamine antagonist previously used for treating schizophrenia

115
Q

what does ketamine or PCP do

A

block glutamate transmission at NMDA receptors so there will be increased Glu release and increased Glu at AMPA receptors

116
Q

what kind of symptoms can NMDA receptor antagonists cause

A

positive and negative symptoms

117
Q

what are atypical antipsychotics

A

partly dopamine receptors but lower affinity
high affinity for serotonin and NE receptors

118
Q

what effects do atypical antipsychotics have

A

reduce negative symptoms
few motor side effects
more metabolic side effects

Abnormal Psychology (5 decks)

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