exam 1 reading notes Flashcards
what is a phobia
psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation
what is psychological dysfunction
a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
what are the three components of a psychological disorder
psychological dysfunction
distress or impairment
atypical response
what is the DSM definition of a psychological disorder
behavioral, psychological, or biological dysfunctions that are unexpected in their cultural context and associated with present distress and impairment in functioning, or increased risk of suffering, death, pain, or impairment
what is psychopathology
the scientific study of psychological disorders
what does the presenting problem refer to
the problem that caused the person to come to the clinic
what does a clinical description refer to
the unique combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings that make up a specific disorder
what is the prevalence of a disorder refer to
how many people in a population have the disorder
what does the incidence of a disorder refer to
statistics on how many new cases occur during a given period
what is etiology
the study of origins
why a disorder begins / what causes it
what was hippocrates contribution to psychological disorders
believed that psychological disorders could be treated like any other disease
what did hippocrates assume normal functioning was related to
the four bodily fluids or humors
what is moral therapy
treating institutionalized patients s normally as possible in a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social interaction
what is psychoanalysis and whos theory was it based on
theory of the structure of the mind and the role of unconscious processes in determining behavior
based on sigmund freud
what is behaviorism
focuses on how learning and adaptation affect the development of psychopathology
what does catharsis refer to
the release of emotional material
what is the psychoanalytic model
comprehensive theory constructed on the development and structure of our personalities
what are the three main facets of the psychoanalytic theory
- the structure of the mind and the distinct functions of personality that sometimes clash with one another
- the defense mechanisms with which the mind defends itself from these clashes or conflicts
- the stages of early psychosexual development that provide the drive of our inner conflicts
what are the three parts of the mind according to freud
id
ego
superego
what is the id
the source of our strong sexual and aggressive feelings or energies
- operates according to the pleasure principle
what is the ego
the part of our mind that acts realistically and operates according to the reality principle
what is the superego
our conscience
represents the moral principles instilled in us by our parents and culture
what does the ego mediate
conflict between the id and the superego
what is the defense mechanism of displacement
displacing an emotion onto an object that is not the object causing the emotion
what is the defense mechanism of sublimation
directs potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behavior
what is the defense mechanism of denial
refusal to acknowledge some aspect of objective reality or subjective experience that is apparent to others
what is the defense mechanism of projection
falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another individual or object
what is the defense mechanism rationalization
conceals the true motivations for actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate reassuring or self serving but incorrect explanations
what is the defense mechanism reaction formation
substitutes behavior thoughts or feelings that are the direct opposite of the unacceptable ones
what is the defense mechanism repression
blocks disturbing wishes thoughts or experiences from conscious awareness
what are the stages of freuds psychosexual stages of development
oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital
what is object relations
the study of how children incorporate the images, the memories, and sometimes the values of a person who was important to them and to whom they were emotionally attached
what is the collective unconscious
wisdom accumulated by society and culture that is stored deep in individual memories and passed down from generation to generation
what does polygenic mean
something is influenced by many genes, each contributing a small effect
- all can be influenced by the environment
what is the difference between quantitative genetics and molecular genetics
quantitative genetics: sums up the small effects across many genes without telling us which genes are responsible for which effects
molecular genetics: examining the actual structure of genes with advanced technologies
what is the diathesis-stress model
individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors which may then be activated under conditions of stress
what is the relationship between genetic vulnerability and stress
the more genetic vulnerability you have the less stress is needed to trigger an associated disorder
what is the gene-environment correlation model
model that says that some people have a genetically determined tendency to create the specific environmental risk factors that trigger genetic vulnerability to a phobia
what does the hindbrain contain
medulla
pons
cerebellum
what is the function of the hindbrain
regulate autonomic activities (breathing, heartbeat, digestion)
what does the cerebellum control
motor coordination
what is the function of the midbrain
coordinates movement with sensory input and contains part of the reticular activation system which contributes to arousal and tension (awake or asleep)
what is the overarching function of the thalamus and hypothalamus
regulating behavior and emotion
what is contained in the limbic system
hippocampus
cingulate gyrus
septum
amygdala
what do the basal ganglia control
motor activity
which hemisphere of the brain is responsible for verbal and cognitive processes
left
what is the right hemisphere responsible for
perceiving the world and creating images
what is the function of the temporal lobe
recognizing sight and sounds associated with long term memory storage
what is the function of the parietal lobe
recognizing various sensations of touch and monitoring body positions
what is the function of the occipital lobe
integrating and making sense of various visual inputs
what do agonists do
increase the activity of a NT by mimicking its effects
what do antagonists do
decrease or block a NT
what do inverse agonists do
produce effects that are opposite the ones produced by NT
what NT are monoamines
NE
serotonin
dopamine
what NT are amino acids
GABA
glutamate
what does the serotonin system regulate
behavior, mood, thought processes
what kind of receptors does norepinephrine stimulate
alpha adrenergic
beta adrenergic
what is dopamine implicated in
pathophysiology of schizophrenia and disorders of addiction
what is L-dopa
dopamine agonist
who is credited with first studying observational learning/modeling
bandura
what are the three components of emotion
behavior
physiology
cognition
what are semistructured interviews
interviews that are made up of questions that have been carefully phrased and tested to elicit useful information in a consistent manner
what do neurophyschological tests measure
brain dysfunction by observing the effects of the dysfunction on the persons ability to perform certain tasks
