exam 1 lecture notes Flashcards
what are the three disturbances that are related to psychological disfunction
cognition
emotion regulation
behavior
what is neurobiological functioning
how our brain and body functions
what is characterized as distress or impairment
personal distress and/or substantial impairment in functioning that can happen to self or inner social circle
what is the basis of the supernatural tradition
the idea that deviance is the battle of good vs evil
what is mass hysteria
emotion contagion
what were three treatments that were administered in relation to the supernatural tradition
trepanation
exorcism
blaming on witches
what were other worldly causes that were involved in the supernatural tradition
gravitational pull of moon
astrology
what were the two founders of the biological tradition
hippocrates
galen
what was hippocrates contribution to the biological tradition
mental health can be treated similarly to any other disease
what was galens contribution to the biological tradition
normal functions relate to the four humors
-yellow bile, black bile, phelgm/water, blood/air
why was syphilis important to the biological tradition
in late stages it can present with psychosis-like symptoms
what were four treatments related to the biological tradition
ECT
transorbital lobotomy
medication
psychotherapy
what two things were thought to influence biological functioning in the biological tradition
behavioral changes
cognitive activities
what is the basis of the psychological tradition
viewing mental health as having a cognitive, behavioral, and social etiology and context
who were two people that supported the psychological tradition
plato
aristotle
what does etiology mean
origin
what are three treatments that were involved in the psychological tradition
moral therapy
psychoanalysis
behaviorism
what was one reason that moral therapy declines
because of the increase in the number of mental health patients due to the mental hygiene movement
who started psychoanalysis
freud
what was the basis of psychoanalysis
human behavior can be influenced by unconscious forces
what is the ego
mediator between id and superego
what is the superego
moral rules
what is the id
instinct operating unconsciously according to the pleasure principle
who started classical conditioning
pavlov
what are the unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response in classical conditioning
things that happened normally before training
what are the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response in classical conditioning
things that happen as a result of training
what is acquisition in the context of classical conditioning
pairing the CS with an US to produce a CR
what is extinction in the context of classical conditioning
showing CS without US will make the CR weaker
what is stimulus generalization
after CR is paired with CS, the same CR will occur with similar stimuli without added training
what is stimulus discrimination
when participant only responds to the CS but not similar stimulus
who started operant conditioning
BF Skinner
what is the basis of operant conditioning
a specific action is more or less likely to occur depending on consequences in the environment
if a stimulus is applied and the behavior increases, what kind of reinforcement/punishment is occurring
positive reinforcement
if a stimulus is applied and the behavior decreases, what kind of reinforcement/punishment is occurring
positive punishment
if a stimulus is removed and the behavior increases, what kind of reinforcement/punishment is occurring
negative reinforcement
if a stimulus is removed and the behavior decreases, what kind of reinforcement/punishment is occurring
negative punishment
what is shaping
teaching behavior by rewarding approximate behaviors until the desired behavior is reached
what is phrenology
the idea that the skull shape corresponds to its functions
what did Brodmann endorse
functional localization
-diff parts of the brain support diff functions
what did John Jackson endorse
seizure activity follows the progression indication how the body is mapped in the motor cortex (seizure goes from foot to face)
what is brocas area involved in
expressing/producing language (anterior of brain)
what is wernickes area involved in
receiving/understanding language (posterior of the brain)
what is the prefrontal cortex involved in
motor control
planning
decision making
what are the two cell types in the brain
neurons
glial cells
are there more glial cells or neurons in the brain
more glial cells
what type of neurons are the most common
multipolar
what do pyramidal neurons mostly release
glutamate
what allows rapid conduction in neurons
myelination
what is the difference between white matter and grey matter
white: myelinated axons
grey: non-myelinated axons
where are NT made
cell body
where are NT released
axon terminal
what are the two main amino acid NT
GABA - inhibitory
glutamate - excitatory
what are the three main monoamine NT
serotonin
NE
dopamine
what is the function of serotonin
mood, appetite, sleep, function of GI tract
-involved in plasticity and memory consolidation
what is the function of NE
sympathetic nervous system response
-alertness, attention, memory
what is the function of dopamin
mesostriatal: motor, reward, associative learning
mesocorticolimbic: reward/aversion, cognition, working memory
what is the function of acetylcholine
neuromuscular junction and autonomic nervous system
-plasticity, arousal, attention, reward processing
what does a fMRI look at
blood flow (oxygen) to determine neuron activity
what does the BBB do
prevent molecules from entering the brain via blood
what are the meninges
protect the brain
brain
pia mater
arachnoid mater
dura mater
what does the somatic nervous system control
voluntary movement
what are the cranial nerves
nerves that bring information from sense organs to brain
- controls some muscles
connects to some glands, organs
how many cranial nerves are there
12 pairs
what are the spinal nerves
carry signals between CNS and PNS
how many spinal nerves are there
31 pairs
what does the autonomic nervous system regulate
involuntary functions
what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic
what are the functions of the hindbrain
breathing
heart rate
digestion
what are the two regions of the hindbrain
myenlencephalon
metencephalon
what is the function of the cerebellum
coordinated movement and sense of time
what are the two main regions of the brainstem
pons
medulla
what are the functions of the midbrain
coordinated movement, arousal, and tension
what is the main region of the midbrain
mesencephelon
what are the two main regions of the forebrain
diencephalon
telencephalon
what is the diencephalon made up of
thalamus
hypothalamus
what is the telencephalon made up of
cerebral hemispheres
limbic system
basal ganglia
cortex
what is involved in the limbic system
amygdala: emotions
hippocampus: new episodic memories
cingulate gyrus: integrates and regulates emotion
what are two things included in the basal ganglia
striatum
substantia nigra
what is the difference between a sulcus and a gyrus
sulcus: groove
gyrus: bump
how does the amygdala function within the stress system
amygdala sends signal to the hypothalamus to turn on the stress response
what are the two ways that the hypothalamus signals to the adrenal gland in two ways
fast acting
slow acting
what is the fast acting stress response
hypothalamus sends the signal to the adrenal gland through autonomic nerves to stimulate release of epi and NE from adrenal medulla
what is the slow acting stress response
HPA axis: hypothalamus sends signal to adrenal gland indirectly through pituitary gland that signals adrenal cortex to release cortisol
what is a chronic effect of cortisol
chronic cortisol can lead to a suppressed immune system
when is the lateral prefrontal cortex active
active when attention is on goals, resisting distraction, and regulating impulses
what does the lateral prefrontal cortex sync with to regulate stress
amygdala
what is the difference between the categorical and the dimensional approach to psychological disorders
categorical: individuals with 4 or more symptoms receive a diagnosis
dimensional: everyone has a diagnosis on some part of the curve
what is reliability
the degree to which a measurement is consistent
what is validity
how well the assessment measures what you want
what does it mean when a test is standardized
the same tests will yield the same results
what is the difference between the dependent and independent variable
dependent: outcome variable
independent: predictor / manipulated variable
how does a CAT/CT scan look at the brain
x-ray pictures looking at the structure in slices
how does an MRI look at the brain
uses magnetic fields and radio waves to construct a 3D image
how does an fMRI look at the brain
looks at oxygen levels in the blood
- cannot tell about electrical activity specifically
- evaluates brief changes in brain activity during a task or at rest
how does a PET scan look at the brain
by injection of radioactive isotopes
