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Abnormal Psychology > exam 1 lecture notes > Flashcards

exam 1 lecture notes Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the three disturbances that are related to psychological disfunction

A

cognition
emotion regulation
behavior

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2
Q

what is neurobiological functioning

A

how our brain and body functions

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3
Q

what is characterized as distress or impairment

A

personal distress and/or substantial impairment in functioning that can happen to self or inner social circle

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4
Q

what is the basis of the supernatural tradition

A

the idea that deviance is the battle of good vs evil

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5
Q

what is mass hysteria

A

emotion contagion

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6
Q

what were three treatments that were administered in relation to the supernatural tradition

A

trepanation
exorcism
blaming on witches

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7
Q

what were other worldly causes that were involved in the supernatural tradition

A

gravitational pull of moon
astrology

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8
Q

what were the two founders of the biological tradition

A

hippocrates
galen

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9
Q

what was hippocrates contribution to the biological tradition

A

mental health can be treated similarly to any other disease

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10
Q

what was galens contribution to the biological tradition

A

normal functions relate to the four humors
-yellow bile, black bile, phelgm/water, blood/air

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11
Q

why was syphilis important to the biological tradition

A

in late stages it can present with psychosis-like symptoms

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12
Q

what were four treatments related to the biological tradition

A

ECT
transorbital lobotomy
medication
psychotherapy

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13
Q

what two things were thought to influence biological functioning in the biological tradition

A

behavioral changes
cognitive activities

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14
Q

what is the basis of the psychological tradition

A

viewing mental health as having a cognitive, behavioral, and social etiology and context

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15
Q

who were two people that supported the psychological tradition

A

plato
aristotle

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16
Q

what does etiology mean

A

origin

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17
Q

what are three treatments that were involved in the psychological tradition

A

moral therapy
psychoanalysis
behaviorism

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18
Q

what was one reason that moral therapy declines

A

because of the increase in the number of mental health patients due to the mental hygiene movement

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19
Q

who started psychoanalysis

A

freud

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20
Q

what was the basis of psychoanalysis

A

human behavior can be influenced by unconscious forces

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21
Q

what is the ego

A

mediator between id and superego

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22
Q

what is the superego

A

moral rules

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23
Q

what is the id

A

instinct operating unconsciously according to the pleasure principle

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24
Q

who started classical conditioning

A

pavlov

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25
Q

what are the unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned response in classical conditioning

A

things that happened normally before training

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26
Q

what are the conditioned stimulus and conditioned response in classical conditioning

A

things that happen as a result of training

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27
Q

what is acquisition in the context of classical conditioning

A

pairing the CS with an US to produce a CR

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28
Q

what is extinction in the context of classical conditioning

A

showing CS without US will make the CR weaker

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29
Q

what is stimulus generalization

A

after CR is paired with CS, the same CR will occur with similar stimuli without added training

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30
Q

what is stimulus discrimination

A

when participant only responds to the CS but not similar stimulus

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31
Q

who started operant conditioning

A

BF Skinner

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32
Q

what is the basis of operant conditioning

A

a specific action is more or less likely to occur depending on consequences in the environment

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33
Q

if a stimulus is applied and the behavior increases, what kind of reinforcement/punishment is occurring

A

positive reinforcement

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34
Q

if a stimulus is applied and the behavior decreases, what kind of reinforcement/punishment is occurring

A

positive punishment

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35
Q

if a stimulus is removed and the behavior increases, what kind of reinforcement/punishment is occurring

A

negative reinforcement

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36
Q

if a stimulus is removed and the behavior decreases, what kind of reinforcement/punishment is occurring

A

negative punishment

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37
Q

what is shaping

A

teaching behavior by rewarding approximate behaviors until the desired behavior is reached

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38
Q

what is phrenology

A

the idea that the skull shape corresponds to its functions

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39
Q

what did Brodmann endorse

A

functional localization
-diff parts of the brain support diff functions

40
Q

what did John Jackson endorse

A

seizure activity follows the progression indication how the body is mapped in the motor cortex (seizure goes from foot to face)

41
Q

what is brocas area involved in

A

expressing/producing language (anterior of brain)

42
Q

what is wernickes area involved in

A

receiving/understanding language (posterior of the brain)

43
Q

what is the prefrontal cortex involved in

A

motor control
planning
decision making

44
Q

what are the two cell types in the brain

A

neurons
glial cells

45
Q

are there more glial cells or neurons in the brain

A

more glial cells

46
Q

what type of neurons are the most common

A

multipolar

47
Q

what do pyramidal neurons mostly release

A

glutamate

48
Q

what allows rapid conduction in neurons

A

myelination

49
Q

what is the difference between white matter and grey matter

A

white: myelinated axons
grey: non-myelinated axons

50
Q

where are NT made

A

cell body

51
Q

where are NT released

A

axon terminal

52
Q

what are the two main amino acid NT

A

GABA - inhibitory
glutamate - excitatory

53
Q

what are the three main monoamine NT

A

serotonin
NE
dopamine

54
Q

what is the function of serotonin

A

mood, appetite, sleep, function of GI tract
-involved in plasticity and memory consolidation

55
Q

what is the function of NE

A

sympathetic nervous system response
-alertness, attention, memory

56
Q

what is the function of dopamin

A

mesostriatal: motor, reward, associative learning
mesocorticolimbic: reward/aversion, cognition, working memory

57
Q

what is the function of acetylcholine

A

neuromuscular junction and autonomic nervous system
-plasticity, arousal, attention, reward processing

58
Q

what does a fMRI look at

A

blood flow (oxygen) to determine neuron activity

59
Q

what does the BBB do

A

prevent molecules from entering the brain via blood

60
Q

what are the meninges

A

protect the brain

brain
pia mater
arachnoid mater
dura mater

61
Q

what does the somatic nervous system control

A

voluntary movement

62
Q

what are the cranial nerves

A

nerves that bring information from sense organs to brain
- controls some muscles
connects to some glands, organs

63
Q

how many cranial nerves are there

A

12 pairs

64
Q

what are the spinal nerves

A

carry signals between CNS and PNS

65
Q

how many spinal nerves are there

A

31 pairs

66
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system regulate

A

involuntary functions

67
Q

what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

68
Q

what are the functions of the hindbrain

A

breathing
heart rate
digestion

69
Q

what are the two regions of the hindbrain

A

myenlencephalon
metencephalon

70
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum

A

coordinated movement and sense of time

71
Q

what are the two main regions of the brainstem

A

pons
medulla

72
Q

what are the functions of the midbrain

A

coordinated movement, arousal, and tension

73
Q

what is the main region of the midbrain

A

mesencephelon

74
Q

what are the two main regions of the forebrain

A

diencephalon
telencephalon

75
Q

what is the diencephalon made up of

A

thalamus
hypothalamus

76
Q

what is the telencephalon made up of

A

cerebral hemispheres
limbic system
basal ganglia
cortex

77
Q

what is involved in the limbic system

A

amygdala: emotions
hippocampus: new episodic memories
cingulate gyrus: integrates and regulates emotion

78
Q

what are two things included in the basal ganglia

A

striatum
substantia nigra

79
Q

what is the difference between a sulcus and a gyrus

A

sulcus: groove
gyrus: bump

80
Q

how does the amygdala function within the stress system

A

amygdala sends signal to the hypothalamus to turn on the stress response

81
Q

what are the two ways that the hypothalamus signals to the adrenal gland in two ways

A

fast acting
slow acting

82
Q

what is the fast acting stress response

A

hypothalamus sends the signal to the adrenal gland through autonomic nerves to stimulate release of epi and NE from adrenal medulla

83
Q

what is the slow acting stress response

A

HPA axis: hypothalamus sends signal to adrenal gland indirectly through pituitary gland that signals adrenal cortex to release cortisol

84
Q

what is a chronic effect of cortisol

A

chronic cortisol can lead to a suppressed immune system

85
Q

when is the lateral prefrontal cortex active

A

active when attention is on goals, resisting distraction, and regulating impulses

86
Q

what does the lateral prefrontal cortex sync with to regulate stress

A

amygdala

87
Q

what is the difference between the categorical and the dimensional approach to psychological disorders

A

categorical: individuals with 4 or more symptoms receive a diagnosis
dimensional: everyone has a diagnosis on some part of the curve

88
Q

what is reliability

A

the degree to which a measurement is consistent

89
Q

what is validity

A

how well the assessment measures what you want

90
Q

what does it mean when a test is standardized

A

the same tests will yield the same results

91
Q

what is the difference between the dependent and independent variable

A

dependent: outcome variable
independent: predictor / manipulated variable

92
Q

how does a CAT/CT scan look at the brain

A

x-ray pictures looking at the structure in slices

93
Q

how does an MRI look at the brain

A

uses magnetic fields and radio waves to construct a 3D image

94
Q

how does an fMRI look at the brain

A

looks at oxygen levels in the blood
- cannot tell about electrical activity specifically
- evaluates brief changes in brain activity during a task or at rest

95
Q

how does a PET scan look at the brain

A

by injection of radioactive isotopes

Abnormal Psychology (5 decks)

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