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Behavioral Neuroendocrinology > exam 2 lecture notes > Flashcards

exam 2 lecture notes Flashcards

1
Q

what was william c youngs hypothesis

A

during development hormones organize/determine the structure of the nervous system in a way that will determine how the nervous system responds to the activational effects of hormones throughout life

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2
Q

what is the difference between the control of GnRH secretion in males and females

A

males: tonic activity
females: have phasic activity (cyclical)

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3
Q

what are the two basic functions of gonads

A
  1. produce gametes
  2. produce hormones
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4
Q

what is a follicle

A

a sphere of granulosa cells surrounding the oocyte

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5
Q

as the follicle matures, what does it become surrounded by

A

outer layer of theca cells

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6
Q

what is a primordial follicle

A

a single later of granulosa cells surrounding ovum

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7
Q

what kind of follicle is present in ovaries at time of birth

A

primordial follicle

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8
Q

what is a primary follicle

A

single later of granulosa cells surrounded by a single layer of theca cells

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9
Q

what is the zona pellucida

A

an outer layer of glycoproteins surrounding the ovum (outside the theca layer) that will eventually bind sperm

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10
Q

what is a secondary follicle

A

several layers of granulosa cells surrounded by a single layer of theca cells

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11
Q

what are tertiary follicles

A

fluid (secreted by granulosa cells) accumulates within follicle
theca differentiates into theca interna and theca externa layers

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12
Q

what is the space between the oocyte and the outer wall of the follicle called

A

antrum

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13
Q

what is the juice in the atrium called

A

liquor folliculi

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14
Q

what is the liquor folliculi rich in

A

estrogens

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15
Q

during each menstural cycle, how many tertiary follicles develop in each ovary

A

~10

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16
Q

what is a graafian follicle

A

the mature follicle

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17
Q

during each cycle, how many follicles become mature

A

usually only 1

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18
Q

when does ovulation occur

A

when the graafian follicle ruptures, propelling the ovum towards the mouth of the fallopian tubes

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19
Q

what is mittelschmerz

A

midpain
-when the woman can feel ovulation occur

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20
Q

the typical women secretes how many ova in a lifetime

A

400

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21
Q

men produce how many sperm per day

A

200 million

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22
Q

what kind of hormones are estrogen and progesterone

A

steroids

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23
Q

what is testosterone a prohormone for

A

DHT
estradiol

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24
Q

what converts testosterone to estradiol

A

aromatase

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25
Q

what does LH stimulate in the ovary

A

the theca interna to produce testosterone

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26
Q

what happens to the testosterone produced in the theca interna cells

A

it diffuses out into the granulosa cells

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27
Q

what does FSH stimulate in granulosa cells

A

production of aromatase (enzyme)

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28
Q

what does aromatase do in granulosa cells

A

converts testosterone to estradiol

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29
Q

after ovulation, what does LH stimulate in granulosa cells

A

production of progesterone (and estrogen)

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30
Q

is LH or FSH necessary for estrogen production

A

both

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31
Q

what are the three phases of the human menstrual cycle

A

menses
follicular phase
luteal phase

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32
Q

what happens during the menstrual phase

A

sloughing off of uterine lining; bleeding due to exposure of corkscrew blood vessel endings

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33
Q

what are the hormones like during days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle

A

very low progesterone and estrogen
LH and FSH increase some by day 5 which triggers follicular phase

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34
Q

what happens during the follicular phase

A

development of follicles and mature egg

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35
Q

what are the hormones like during days 6-12 of the follicular phase

A

steady increase in estrogen
progesterone remains low

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36
Q

what does the graafian follicle look like

A

a blister on the surface of the ovary

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37
Q

what happens during day 13 of the follicular phase

A

surge in LH secretion

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38
Q

what happens during day 14 of the follicular phase

A

ovulation
- graafian follicle ruptures and the egg is released into the fallopian tube

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39
Q

what happens during the luteal phase

A

preparation of uterus to receive fertilized egg (pseudopregnancy)

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40
Q

what are the hormones like during days 15-21 of the luteal phase

A

estrogen returns to high levels after temporary dip
progesterone rises to high levels

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41
Q

what is the corpus luteum

A

when the graafian follicle collapses, the granulosa and thecal cells become the corpus luteum

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42
Q

what hormones does the corpus luteum produce

A

progesterone and estradiol

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43
Q

what happens in days 22-28 of the luteal phase in the absence of a fertilized egg

A

estrogen and progesterone levels decline and the withdraw of progesterone from uterus triggers menstruation

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44
Q

what is the corpus albicans

A

the dying remnant of the corpus luteal tissue

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45
Q

what are the most common type of oral contraceptives

A

combination pills containing estrogens and progestins

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46
Q

what is contained in days 1-21 of oral contraceptive pills

A

steroid containing pills

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47
Q

what is contained in days 22-28 of oral contraceptive pills

A

placebo pills
(absence of progesterone allows for menstruation)

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48
Q

what does the phasic part of birth control pills refer to

A

the changes in progestin levels which increase in 2 steps (biphasic) or 3 steps (triphasic) over the 21 days

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49
Q

what is the type of estrogen that is usually used in birth control pills

A

ethinyl estradiol

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50
Q

what is the mechanism of action of birth control pills

A

lock the cycle into the luteal phase (high progesterone) to prevent follicle maturation, LH surge, and ovulation

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51
Q

how does the progesterone in oral contraceptives prevent the LH surge

A

by maintaining high negative feedback on LH secretion
(high progesterone contributes to high negative feedback on the system)

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52
Q

what is the effect of oral contraceptives on endogenous estradiol secretion

A

decreased endogenous estradiol secretion

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53
Q

how does plan B work

A

high does of synthetic progesterone intended to suppress ovulation and interfere with the ability of sperm to migrate into the fallopian tubes by thickening cervical mucus

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54
Q

what is RU486

A

a synthetic progesterone receptor antagonist intended to cause miscarriage by inducing menstruation

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55
Q

what is the feedback loop in response to low levels of estrogens and progesterone

A

negative feedback

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56
Q

what is the feedback loop in response to high levels of estrogen

A

positive feedback

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57
Q

what will high levels of estrogen cause

A

GnRH surge which will trigger an LH surge

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58
Q

why can GnRH secretion not be measured like LH can

A

GnRH is not systemic

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59
Q

where is the surge center

A

in rats, believed to be in hypothalamus

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60
Q

in rats, what kind of trait is having/not having a surge center

A

sexually dimorphic (only females have a functioning surge center)

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61
Q

what does it mean to say that rats are altricial

A

they are born in a very premature stage of development

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62
Q

what occurs in a male rat pup on the first day after they are born

A

a large surge in testosterone secretion

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63
Q

what is the ovulation outcome in a male rat that had no neonatal manipulation but was given an ovary as an adult

A

no ovulation

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64
Q

what is the ovulation outcome in a male rat that had neonatal castration and was given an ovary as an adult

A

ovulation
(suggests the rat has a functional surge center)

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65
Q

what is the critical period for castration of the male rat

A

must take place first day after birth

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66
Q

what is the ovulation outcome in a female rat that had neonatal treatment with testosterone and no adult manipulation

A

no ovulation

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67
Q

what is the critical period of testosterone treatment in the female rat

A

first 10 days of birth

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68
Q

what is the ovulation outcome in a female rat that had neonatal treatment with estradiol and no adult manipulation

A

no ovulation

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69
Q

what enzyme converts testosterone to estradiol

A

aromatase

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70
Q

where is aromatase located

A

granulosa cells of ovary and neurons in the hypothalamus

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71
Q

what is the ovulation outcome in a male rat that had neonatal day 1 inhibition of aromatase and was given an ovary as an adult

A

ovulation
(testosterone is not being converted into estradiol)

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72
Q

what is the ovulation outcome in a female rat that had neonatal treatment with DHT but had no adult manipulation

A

ovulation
(DHT cannot be converted into estradiol)

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73
Q

what conclusion do the rat experiments lead to about the effect of estrogen on the surge center

A

estradiol is responsible for blocking the surge center from forming

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74
Q

the ability of an adult rat to respond to estrogen positive feedback is an example of

A

the organizational effect of hormones
(if there is a functional surge center or not)

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75
Q

why is the fetus’ surge center not affected by the estrogen from their mom

A

estradiol is bound strongly to alpha-fetal carrier protein and is not able to cross the BBB so therefore it cannot have effects in the hypothalamus

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76
Q

does alpha fetal protein bind testosterone

A

no

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77
Q

what sexual anomaly did Mrs. Brown in the video have

A

testicular feminization mutation (androgen insensitivity)
(characterized by no pubic hair, no womb, general female appearance)

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78
Q

how did researchers assess whether individuals had a female or male organized brain (ex. functional surge center)

A

positive feedback response to a high does of estrogen

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79
Q

what are the implications of the Mrs. Brown study video result for organizational effects of hormones on gender identity

A

maybe male gender identity requires activation of androgen receptors

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80
Q

what response did the homosexual men in the study have on the test

A

LH levels increased (what happens in a female response pattern)

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81
Q

what organizational effects on the brain during fetal development cause masculinization or defeminization of brain development

A

androgens acting at androgen receptors

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82
Q

what is the sex difference in brain size

A

males have about 10% bigger brains
no differences in IQ

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83
Q

what did the study of sexual dimorphism of brains in rats determine about the synapses on dendrites in the difference sexes of rats

A

females: more synapses on dendritic spines
males: more synapses on dendritic shafts

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84
Q

is the medial preoptic area necessary for normal male rat mating behavior

A

yes

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85
Q

what does the male pattern of MPOA development require

A

presence of estrogen during neonatal brain development

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86
Q

what is the sexual dimorphic nucleus that was found near the preoptic area by gorski and colleagues

A

sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area of the hypothalamus (SDN-POA)

87
Q

was the SDN-POA bigger in males or females

A

males

88
Q

what does the size of the SDN-POA depend on

A

local presence of estrogen during neonatal development

89
Q

what is the human brain analog of the SDN-POA

A

interstitial nuclei of anterior hypothalamus subregions 1-4 (INAH)

90
Q

what categories do the morphological differences in the brains of males and females fall in

A

brain region volume
brain region connections
(have relevance to lateralization of brain function)

91
Q

what does lateralization of brain function mean

A

difference in function between the two hemispheres

92
Q

what hemisphere of the brain does language processing and production take place

A

left hemisphere

93
Q

what area is responsible for language processing

A

wernickes area

94
Q

what area is responsible for language production

A

brocas area

95
Q

which brain hemisphere is responsible for complex computation

A

left hemisphere

96
Q

what is the right hemisphere responsible for

A

visual-spatial processing
emotional processing

97
Q

does evidence suggest women have more or less lateralization of function

A

less lateralization of function than men (more functional communication between the two hemispheres)

98
Q

are men or women more likely to have aphasia if they have a stroke in the left hemisphere

A

men because more lateralization of function

99
Q

what does an fMRI look at

A

blood oxygenation

100
Q

in the rhyming study, where was neural activity in men and women

A

men: primarily in left hemisphere
women: both hemispheres

101
Q

what is a commissure

A

bundle of neuronal axons connecting the 2 hemispheres

102
Q

is the corpus callosum larger in men or women

A

posterior corpus callosum larger in women

103
Q

is the anterior commissure larger in men or women

A

larger cross sectional diameter in women

104
Q

what is the planum temporale

A

part of the temporal lobe inside lateral fissure that is the location of wernickes area in the left hemisphere

105
Q

what are the macroscopic and microscopic sex differences in the planum temporale

A

macroscopic: larger in women and more symmetrical between the two hemispheres
microscopic: higher density of neurons in women

106
Q

is there evidence for distinct female vs male organized brains in terms of structure and function

A

no
although some aspects are sexually dimorphic, every brain has the same combination of features

107
Q

what do the organizational effects of hormones on human brain development contribute most to

A

what makes us unique individuals
NOT if we are male or female

108
Q

do women or men have more sensitive olfaction

A

women

109
Q

when does the olfactory sex difference develop for detecting musk-like odors

A

after puberty

110
Q

when does the olfactory sex difference develop for detecting volatile amyl acetate

A

before puberty
(organizational effect)

111
Q

do women or men have more sensitive taste

A

women
especially bitter taste

112
Q

what is the influence of the following on taste:
puberty
menstrual cycle
pregnancy
menopause

A

puberty: increases after puberty in women
menstrual cycle: increases during follicular phase
pregnancy: increases
menopause: sex differences diminish

113
Q

does the evidence point to an organizational or activational effect of hormones for taste

A

activational

114
Q

what is the sex difference for audition

A

women have better detection for pure tones (especially high frequencies) and less tolerance for white noise

115
Q

what is the sex difference for vision

A

men have better visual acuity
women tolerate higher levels of light intensity and dark adapt more quickly

116
Q

what is the sex difference for pain

A

women have more sensitivity to pain

117
Q

what kind of cognitive tasks do women usually excel at

A

verbal tasks
perceptual skills
fine motor skills

118
Q

what kind of cognitive tasks do men usually excel at

A

quantitative tasks
visuospatial tasks

119
Q

what is turners syndrome

A

x chromosome monosomy
(female phenotype but dysfunctional ovary)

120
Q

do individuals with turners syndrome have good or bad visuospatial ability

A

poor visuospatial ability

121
Q

what is congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

girls exposed to androgens during fetal development due to fetal adrenal gland over production of androgens

122
Q

do individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia have good or bad visuospatial ability

A

higher than average visuospatial ability

123
Q

what is the correlation between the menstural cycle and visuospatial ability

A

better performance on visuospatial tasks during menstruation compared to the time around ovulation

124
Q

what is the organizational evidence for the sex differences in verbal ability

A

girls develop verbal fluency earlier than boys

125
Q

what is the activational evidence for the sex differences in verbal ability

A

for simple speech rate and articulation, performance is better around ovulation compared to menstruation

126
Q

is there evidence for activational differences in hormones determining sexual orientation or gender identity

A

no

127
Q

is there evidence for organizational differences in hormones determining sexual orientation or gender identity

A

maybe
INAH 3 of the anterior hypothalamus varied with sexual orientation

128
Q

could AIDS be a confound in the INAH study

A

no because the size of the brain region was consistently bigger between homo and heterosexual men and the size of the other nuclei was consistent

129
Q

why do the results of the INAH study not prove that the size of INAH3 determines sexual orientation

A

correlation does not equal causation and it did not determine if INAH caused sexual orientation, sexual orientation caused INAH differences, or if there was a third factor

130
Q

what is the difference between parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction

A

parthenogenesis: asexual (offspring is a genetic clone of the parent)
sexual: allows mixing of genetic material

131
Q

what is male mating behavior in rats dependent on

A

the activating effects of androgens present during adulthood

132
Q

what happens to mating behavior when an adult male rat is castrated

A

no mating behavior

133
Q

what happens to mating behavior when an adult male rat is castrated but then receives a testosterone replacement

A

yes mating behavior

134
Q

what happens to mating behavior when an adult male rat is castrated but then receives an estrogen replacement

A

yes mating behavior

135
Q

what happens to mating behavior when an adult male rat is castrated but then receives a DHT replacement

A

no mating behavior

136
Q

can DHT be converted into estrogen

A

no

137
Q

what is the mating behavior in the adult male rat dependent on

A

estradiol

138
Q

what happens to mating behavior when a male rat is castrated on the first day of birth and is then given an estrogen replacement as an adult

A

female mating behavior
(castration causes a female organized brain)

139
Q

what are the names for phase 1 of sexual behavior

A

appetitive
drive
courtship

140
Q

what are the names for phase 2 of sexual behavior

A

consummatory
performance
copulation

141
Q

what is a nuclei

A

cluster of neuron cell bodies, dendrites and axon terminals (gray matter)

142
Q

what are the four brain components that are best characterized in regards to male mating behavior

A

medial preoptic area (MPOA)
olfactory system
amygdala
bed nucleus stria terminalis (BNST)

143
Q

what does the medial preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus do

A

integrates environmental, physiological and psychological information necessary for successful copulation

144
Q

what do lesions of the medial preoptic area eliminate

A

sexual performance
NOT sexual motivation

145
Q

what do lesions of the olfactory system eliminate

A

both sexual motivation and sexual performance

146
Q

what do lesions of the amygdala eliminate

A

impaired sexual motivation
NOT sexual performance

147
Q

what happened when rats had lesions in the MPOA and were reared in isolation vs reared with non-lesioned rats

A

reared in isolation: unable to engage in mating behavior
reared with other rats: able to develop normal mating behavior

148
Q

what happens when the MPOA is electrically stimulated

A

increases the amount of mounting and ejaculation

149
Q

where are the olfactory receptors located

A

in the nose for detection of odors

150
Q

what is the vomeronasal organ (VNO)

A

in the base of the nasal cavity above a small duct in the roof of the mouth
- has receptors for odorless pheromone

151
Q

what are pheromones

A

chemical signals emitted by one organism that affects the function of another organism

152
Q

what is the flehman response

A

characteristic behavior of many animals that facilitates placement of pheromones from tongue to opening in roof of mouth leading to vomeronasal organ

153
Q

what was the result of blocking nostrils on mating behavior in rats

A

blocks mating behavior in male rats

154
Q

where does the olfactory system send input to

A

the basolateral and corticomedial nuclei of the amygdala

155
Q

what are the basolateral nuclei of the amygdala especially important for

A

sexual motivation
(phase1)

156
Q

in the study, what was the result of a lesion in the MPOA

A

impaired sexual performance

157
Q

in the study, what was the result of a lesion in the basolateral amygdala

A

impaired drive

158
Q

in the study, what was the result of a castration

A

both impaired drive and performance

159
Q

what restores mating behavior in a castrated male rat

A

testosterone or estrogen (NOT DHT) microinjected into the MPOA

160
Q

where is abundant in the amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, and the MPOA

A

androgen and estrogen receptors

161
Q

what do dopamine agonists do to mating behavior

A

increase

162
Q

what do dopamine antagonists do to mating behavior

A

decrease

163
Q

where are dopamine neurons located

A

MPOA
also part of brain’s reward circuit

164
Q

what are endorphins

A

endogenous morphine like chemical

165
Q

what do opiates do to mating

A

inhibit

166
Q

is there a relationship between testosterone secretion over the lifespan and sexual behavior

A

yes, positive correlation

167
Q

what will daily treatment of men with goserelin (GnRH receptor agonist) do

A

decrease testosterone production by promoting downregulation of GnRH receptors

168
Q

what does permissive effects of hormones refer to

A

their presence is necessary but not sufficient for a particular effect

169
Q

what is estrus

A

time of sexual receptivity in females

170
Q

what is the estrus cycle

A

a cycle of estrus activity that fluctuates with season and/or ovulation

171
Q

what is the menstrual cycle

A

a tonic (continuous) estrus in primates and humans
- ovulatory cycle is marked by menstruation, not behavior

172
Q

what does the ovulatory cycle in a female rat look like

A

4-5 days
sexually responsive during only day 1 of their cycle
behavioral estrus occurs on day 4 or 5 right after ovulation
have a short luteal phase and no pseudopregnancy

173
Q

what is pseudopregnancy

A

full luteal phase in absence of fertilization

174
Q

in rats, how can a luteal phase be induced

A

physical stimulation or prolactin secretion
(prolactin secretion triggered by physical stimulation)

175
Q

what are the kinds of type 1 ovulatory cycles found in mammals

A

ovulation and pseudopregnancy are spontaneous
- phasic estrus: ex. dogs estrus twice a year
- tonic estrus: ex. primates, humans continuous estrus

176
Q

what are the kinds of type 2 ovulatory cycles found in mammals

A

ovulation is induced by copulation (follicle wont rupture until physical act of copulation) and pseudopregnancy is spontaneous
ex. cats

177
Q

what are the kinds of type 3 cycles found in mammals

A

ovulation is spontaneous but pseudopregnancy is induced by copulation (luteal phase is skipped if no copulation)
ex. rat, mouse

178
Q

how can gonadal steroid secretion in women be described in reference to the different hormone profiles that are present during different stages

A

cyclical

179
Q

what are the hormones during the follicular phase in humans

A

steadily increasing estrogen
low progesterone

180
Q

what are the hormones during the luteal phase

A

high estrogen
high progesterone

181
Q

what are the hormones during the perimenstruation phase

A

low estrogen
low progesterone

182
Q

what kind of effect do the different periods of hormone profiles have on behavior/mood

A

activational effects

183
Q

what are the three stages/phases of mating behavior in females

A

attractivity
proceptivity (drive, courtship)
receptivity (performance, copulation)

184
Q

what is the attractivity phase in females

A

male rate and male primates prefer being with females around her time of ovulation

185
Q

what is the proceptivity phase in females

A

drive; flirting and courtship
-females of many species more involved in mate selection than males

186
Q

what are two things that may contribute to mate preference in humans

A

symmetry (may suggest immunocompetence)
degree of masculinization

187
Q

what are two studies that provide evidence for hormonal influence on mate preference in humans

A

study found women preferred scent of symmetrical men more during ovulation time than at other points in their cycle

study found women preferred more masculine faces during ovulation and more feminine faces at other points

188
Q

what is the receptivity phase in females

A

performance (in rats - lordosis)

189
Q

what kind of effect of hormones are the three stages of female mating behavior dependent on

A

activational effects of hormones

190
Q

what hormone is sufficient to activate mating behavior in the female rat

A

estrogen

191
Q

in the rat, what hormone is required for mating behavior in both male and female

A

estrogen
(in males testosterone is converted into estrogen)

192
Q

what determines whether the pattern of mating behavior will be male or female

A

organizational events at birth

193
Q

in females, what brain region is important for sexual behavior

A

ventral medial hypothalamus

194
Q

what do lesions in the VMH cause

A

inhibit proceptive and receptive behaviors

195
Q

what do lesions in the midbrain central gray cause

A

inhibit receptive behaviors

196
Q

what do lesions in the VNAB cause

A

inhibit receptive and increase proceptive behaviors

197
Q

what do lesions in the forebrain cause

A

facilitate receptive

198
Q

what kind of neuronal cell bodies are in the locus ceruleus

A

noradrenergic

199
Q

what do the VMH and midbrain central gray need for optimal mating behavior

A

direct activating effects of estrogen and progesterone

200
Q

what does NE do to female sexual behavior

A

facilitate lordosis

201
Q

what does dopamine do to female sexual behavior

A

facilitate proceptive behaviors

202
Q

what does serotonin do to female sexual behavior

A

inhibit sexual behavior

203
Q

what do endorphins do to female sexual behavior

A

inhibit sexual behavior

204
Q

what do SSRIs do to female sexual behavior

A

directly: reduce libido
indirectly: increase libido by reducing depression

205
Q

what is the lee boot effect

A

female mice housed 4/cage had lengthened diestrus (inactive) periods
- removal of olfactory bulbs prevented this effect suggesting it might be pheromone related

206
Q

what is the whitten effect

A

large number of female mice housed together without males show an extreme interruption in estrous cycle
- male odors induce estrus 48h later

207
Q

what is the bruce effect

A

pregnant females with strange males resulted in termination of pregnancy and subsequent mating with new male 3-6 days after termination

208
Q

what is the vandenbergh effect

A

females housed with males attain puberty sooner than females housed without males

females housed with other females attain puberty later than females housed by themselves

209
Q

in general, male rats provide stimulus that

A

interrupts pregnancy
induces ovulation
accelerates puberty

210
Q

in general, female rats provide stimulus that

A

suppresses ovulation
delays puberty

211
Q

in the study with axillary secretions, what happened to the recipient’s menstrual cycle if the donor secretions were in the follicular phase

A

decreased recipient’s menstrual cycle

212
Q

in the study with axillary secretions, what happened to the recipient’s menstrual cycle when exposed to ovulatory phase secretions

A

increased length of recipient’s menstrual cycle

213
Q

how do humans detect pheromones without a vomeronasal organ

A

olfactory receptors

Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (6 decks)

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