Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Behavioral Neuroendocrinology > exam 1 lecture notes > Flashcards

exam 1 lecture notes Flashcards

1
Q

what is endocrinology

A

the study of endocrine glands and their secretions (hormones)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the difference between endocrine glands and exocrine glands

A

endocrine: secrete inside body
exocrine: secrete outside body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is extirpation

A

removal of an endocrine gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is hormone replacement

A

treating an individual who lacks a particular hormone with that hormone or a drug substitute for that hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the three classes of evidence for determining hormone-behavior interactions

A
  1. hormonally dependent behavior should be altered/disappear when the source of the hormone is removed or blocked
  2. restoration of the hormone should reinstate or normalize the behavior
  3. hormone concentrations and the behavior should be covariant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

does pharmacological treatment with a hormone mimic the normal secretion pattern of the endogenous hormone? why?

A

usually no because of different doses and different temporal considerations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are organizational effects of hormones

A

relatively permanent effects of hormones on structure and function of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

when do organizational effects usually take place

A

during a critical period of development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are activational effects of hormones

A

relatively immediate (temporary) effects of hormones that come and go with the presence or absence of the hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

when transplanted testis were autopsied, what was discovered to be reestablished and what was not reestablished

A

they had reestablished a blood supply but not a neural supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what was determined about the size of the transplanted testis

A

2x larger than normal
-compensatory hypertrophy of the single testis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a bioassay

A

using a physiological or behavioral measure to indirectly assess hormone activity/levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are direct hormone assays

A

hormones are measured directly in the blood or saliva samples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a hormone

A

intercellular signal that is delivered via blood vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the main difference between a hormone and a neurotransmitter

A

NT diffuse through a synapse to a nearby cell
hormones travel via blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

if a hormone travels a short distance through the pituitary stalk is it a systemic hormone

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

if the hormone travels a long distance throughout the body is it a systemic hormone

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what determines which cells are a target for a systemic hormone

A

whether or not a particular cell expresses receptors for the specific hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are receptors

A

specialized protein molecules produced by a cell and located either inside or on that cells surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

does hormonal signaling or NT signaling have better temporal and spatial resolution

A

NT signaling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the four chemical structures of hormones

A

steroid
lipid
monoamine
peptide/protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

how do endocrine glands usually produce effects on targets

A

by clumping together into a gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

can glands secrete more than one type of hormone

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is a neurohormone

A

a hormone that is produced by a neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is a neurosecretory neuron

A

a neuron that produces a neurohormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what are the two main functional classes of hormones

A

release control hormone (releasing factor)
effector hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is a releasing factor (release control hormone)

A

hormone that acts on endocrine cells to regulate the release of other hormones
(can be stimulatory or inhibitory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is an effector hormone

A

non-releasing factors
hormones that produce a regulatory effect on physiological/psychological function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is the master gland

A

pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what is the master of the master gland

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what do hypothalamic neurons innervate

A

the posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how does the hypothalamus communicate with the anterior pituitary

A

through hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

do any neurons innervate the anterior pituitary

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is a first order hormone

A

the neurohormone itself is an effector hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

where is a first order hormone released

A

in the posterior pituitary through axon terminals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what order hormone is oxytocin

A

first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are the two main physiological effects of oxytocin

A

milk ejection and contraction in the uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

what is a second order hormone

A

neurohormone is a releasing factor for an anterior pituitary hormone that is an effector hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

in a second order hormone where are the two hormones released

A

the releasing factor is released by hypothalamic neurons
the effector hormone is released in the anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

what is a third order hormone

A

neurohormone is a releasing factor for an anterior pituitary hormone which is a releasing factor for an effector hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what order hormone is growth hormone

A

second
GHRH released by hypothalamus
growth hormone released by anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what does growth hormone do

A

stimulates growth of various target tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what order hormone hormone is testosterone

A

third order

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

where and by what are neurohormones produced

A

produced by neurosecretory neurons in the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is the “home” of a neuron designated as

A

the location of that neuron’s cell body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

where is the hypothalamus located

A

below thalamus
base of forebrain
surrounding the third ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what is the median eminence

A

part of the hypothalamus immediately above the pituitary stalk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what are two examples of effector hormones

A

oxytocin
vasopressin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is the size of the cell body that produces effector hormones

A

magnocellular neurons
large

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

where is the location of the cell body that produces effector hormones

A

lateral paraventricular neuron (PVN)
supraoptic nucleus (SON)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

where is the location of the axon terminal of the cell that releases effector hormones

A

posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

what is the size of the cell body that produces releasing hormones

A

parvocellular neurons
small

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

where is the location of the cell body that produces releasing hormones

A

various hypothalamic nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

where is the location of the axon terminal of the cell that releases releasing hormones

A

median eminence (part of hypothalamus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

why is there a difference in neuronal cell body size

A

differ in the quantity of hormone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

the axon terminals of hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons that secrete effector hormones are located in the

A

posterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

the axon terminals of hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons that secrete releasing hormones are located in the

A

median eminence
(hormones are released from anterior pituitary but the neurons do not extend to there)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

why is it important that there are more effector hormones produced (larger cell body) than releasing hormone

A

releasing hormones only need to travel a small distance to the pituitary but effector hormones are released into systemic circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

why are hormones secreted in the median eminence not systemic hormone

A

they are not secreted in a large enough quantity to circulate throughout the entire body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

where is the pituitary located

A

in the sella tursica indentation in the sphenoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what are the three subdivisions (lobes) of the pituitary

A

anterior
posterior
intermediate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

where does the anterior pituitary originate from

A

the roof of the mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

where does the posterior pituitary originate from

A

the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what is the intermediate pituitary

A

the distinct junction between anterior and posterior pituitary in non-human mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

how is the pituitary attached to the hypothalamus

A

by the infundibulum or pituitary stalk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

what is the portal blood system

A

blood vessel system that carries neurohormones from the median eminence to the anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

what are the three components of the portal blood system

A

primary plexus
secondary plexus
portal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

where is the primary plexus located

A

in the median eminence

69
Q

where is the secondary plexus located

A

in the anterior pituitary

70
Q

what is the portal vein

A

connects the primary and secondary plexus
located in pituitary stalk
one way blood flow from hypothalamus

71
Q

oxytocin and vasopressin are neurohormones secreted by neurosecretory neuron axon terminals in the

A

posterior pituitary

72
Q

how can the milk letdown reflex be classically conditioned

A

suckling can be associated with cues that become conditioned stimuli for milk letdown

73
Q

what are the two main functions of vasopressin (ADH)

A

mediates vasoconstriction
mediates water retention at kidney

74
Q

what is the affect of alcohol on vasopressin secretion

A

alcohol inhibits vasopressin

75
Q

how many AA do the peptides of oxytocin and vasopressin contain

A

nine
9

76
Q

what is the difference between a peptide and a protein

A

peptide: short chain of amino acids
protein: long chain of amino acids

77
Q

what are the two variants of vasopressin

A

arginine vasopressin: found in most mammals
lysine vasopressin: found in other animals

78
Q

what is a prohormone

A

precursor molecule that may have some other hormonal function of its own but can be converted into another hormone

79
Q

when the cell cleaves the large proteins, what are the proteins that are left over besides oxytocin and vasopressin

A

oxytocin - neurophysin I
vasopressin - neurophysin II

80
Q

what do neurophysin I and II function as

A

secreted into circulation with oxytocin and vasopressin to act as carrier proteins

81
Q

what is a carrier protein

A

protein that binds to hormone molecule and escorts it around in the blood stream
- often protects the hormone from degradation

82
Q

what is the half-life

A

time for 50% degradation/clearance

83
Q

does the half life increase or decrease with a carrier protein

A

increases

84
Q

what kind of signals are oxytocin and vasopressin

A

neuropeptide/neurotransmitter intercellular signals

85
Q

what is the difference between hormone vasopressin and oxytocin and NT vasopressin and oxytocin

A

the hormones are peptide hormones that cannot cross the BBB so it is unclear if they are involved in brain processes

86
Q

releasing factor neurohormones are secreted by neurosecretory neuron axon terminals located in the

A

median eminence

87
Q

what inhibits prolactin secretion

A

dopamine

88
Q

what do tropic and trophic mean

A

tropic: causing a change
trophic: nourishing, promoting growth

89
Q

what are trophic/tropic factors

A

all hormones produced by the anterior pituitary

90
Q

what are the three general classes of endocrine cells

A

basophils
acidophils
chromatophobes

91
Q

what kind of dye stains the three kinds of endocrine cells

A

basophils: stain with basic dyes
acidophils: stains with acidic dye
chromatophobes: stains weakly (color phobic)

92
Q

can anterior pituitary hormones be effector hormones

A

yes

93
Q

what is the structural relationship between ACTH, beta endorphin, and MSH

A

they are all peptide fragments of the POMC prohormone

94
Q

what does a second order neuroendocrine arrangement mean

A

the neurohormone is a releasing factor for an anterior pituitary hormone that is an effector hormone

95
Q

what does a third order neuroendocrine arrangement mean

A

neurohormone is a releasing factor for an anterior pituitary hormone, which is a releasing factor for an effector hormone

96
Q

what is the effect of LH

A

tropic effect on leydig cells in testes which stimulates the production and secretion of testosterone
also has trophic effect on leydig cells, promoting growth

97
Q

what is the effect of FSH

A

tropic effect on sertoli cells in testes, stimulating spermatogenesis
trophic effect on sertoli cells, promoting growth

98
Q

what is receptor downregulation

A

phenomenon when cells decrease the number of receptors for a given hormone that they produce
- often caused by exposure of cells to greater than normal levels of the receptor ligand

99
Q

what is a gene

A

sequence of DNA that contains the code for a particular protein

100
Q

where does transcription occur for proteins/peptide hormones

A

nucleus

101
Q

where does translation occur for proteins/peptide hormones

A

cytoplasm

102
Q

are proteins/peptide hormones water solubles

A

yes
and bulky

103
Q

do proteins/peptide hormones require a carrier protein

A

no can circulate through blood without carrier

104
Q

can proteins/peptide hormones pass through the phospholipid bilayer

A

no
-receptors on cell membranes

105
Q

what is the BBB

A

tight junction between endothelial cells forming the walls of the blood vessels in the brain that prevents most molecules from being able to leak out of the blood vessels into brain tissue

106
Q

can proteins/peptide hormones cross the BBB

A

no

107
Q

how are proteins/peptide hormones stored

A

in vesicles

108
Q

is there a gene that encodes for steroid hormones

A

no, they are synthesized by a series of enzyme mediated chemical reactions

109
Q

what is a common precursor for steroids

A

cholesterol

110
Q

what is a common precursor for thyroid hormones

A

tyrosine

111
Q

what are steroid hormones soluble in

A

soluble in lipids/fats but not soluble in water

112
Q

do steroid hormones need a carrier protein

A

yes, need to be escorted by carrier protein to circulate through bloodstream

113
Q

are steroid hormones able to pass through cell membranes

A

yes

114
Q

are steroid hormones able to penetrate the BBB

A

yes because they are lipid soluble

115
Q

where are receptors for steroid hormones located

A

inside the cell since steroids can pass through the membrane

116
Q

are steroid and thyroid hormones packaged into vesicles

A

no

117
Q

what is the carrier protein for oxytocin

A

neurophysin I

118
Q

what is the carrier protein for vasopressin

A

neurophysin II

119
Q

what is the carrier protein for glucocorticoids (cortisol)

A

corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG)

120
Q

what is the carrier protein for androgens

A

sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)

121
Q

what is the carrier protein for estrogens

A

sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG)
alpha fetal protein

122
Q

what is the carrier protein for progesterone

A

CBG

123
Q

what is the carrier protein for thyroid hormones

A

thyroid binding globulin (TBG)

124
Q

where are metabotropic receptors located

A

in the outer cell membrane

125
Q

how do metabotropic receptors mediate change

A

by triggering a series of intracellular chemical reactions (metabolism)
- activation of G protein and increase second messenger concentration

126
Q

what are intracellular steroid and thyroid hormone receptors also called

A

hormone dependent transcription factors

127
Q

what happens after steroid/thyroid hormone receptors are bound (activated)

A

the activated receptor binds to DNA to modulate the transcription of genes and therefore modulate protein synthesis

128
Q

what happens to the glucocorticoid receptor protein when cortisol binds

A

the activated receptor:
-translocates to the nucleus
-dimerizes
-binds to specific sequence of DNA

129
Q

what is gene expression largely determined by

A

transcription factors

130
Q

what are transcription factors

A

proteins that bind to specific sequences of DNA and increase or decrease transcription of specific genes

131
Q

why is protein synthesis a continuous process

A

most proteins live a short life and are continuously breaking down and being replaced by new proteins

132
Q

why is there a time lag in the release of the hormone into the blood stream

A

it takes time to:
- release RF into median eminence
- RF traveling to anterior pituitary
- tropic factor release in anterior pituitary
- travel of tropic factors to steroid producing cells
- synthesis of new steroid
- diffusion of new steroid into blood stream

133
Q

what happens in between the hormone being released into the blood stream and the hormone modulating gene transcription

A

the hormone reaches the target cell
the receptor is activated
gene transcription is modulated

134
Q

why is there a time lag in the onset of a change in gene transcription and a change in cell function

A

there is delay before an increase/decrease in newly synthesized proteins will significantly alter the concentration of that protein

there is a delay before the change in protein concentration actually produces a change in cellular function

135
Q

how long will a steroid hormone induced change in cellular function last

A

hours-days
as long as the levels of the regulated proteins remain altered

136
Q

is the effect of steroid hormones fast or slow to develop

A

slow to develop

137
Q

are the effects of steroid hormones long or short lasting

A

long lasting

138
Q

what are the female accessory sex organs

A

fallopian tubes
uterus
cervix

139
Q

what are the male accessory sex organs

A

epididymis
vas deferens
seminal vesicle

140
Q

what is the female external genitalia

A

vagina
clitoris
labia major
labia minor

141
Q

what is the male external genitalia

A

penis
scrotum

142
Q

what is the sex determining region on the Y chromosome

A

SRY gene

143
Q

what is the TDF protein

A

a protein product of the SRY gene
- testis determination factor

144
Q

what is differentiation

A

anatomical development
- process by which cells develop (differentiate) into specific cell types

145
Q

what is an anlagen

A

the first accumulation of cells in an embryo which constitutes the beginning of a future tissue or organ

146
Q

what does the germinal ridge develop into

A

can develop into either an ovary or testis

147
Q

what does DHT act as

A

a super testosterone that is a more potent agonist for androgen receptors than testosterone

148
Q

what is testicular feminization mutation

A

individual has testosterone but no functioning testosterone receptors

149
Q

in a genetically male individual (XY), what gonads develop when there is a lack of TDF

A

ovary

150
Q

in a genetically male individual (XY), what gonads develop when there is testicular feminization mutation (absence of androgen receptors)

A

testis

151
Q

in a genetically male individual (XY), what gonads develop when there is lack of MIH or defective MIH receptors

A

testis

152
Q

in a genetically male individual (XY), what gonads develop when there is a 5-alpha reductase deficiency

A

testis

153
Q

in a genetically male individual (XY), what accessory sexual organs develop when there is a lack of TDF

A

female

154
Q

in a genetically male individual (XY), what accessory sexual organs develop when there is testicular feminization mutation (absence of androgen receptors)

A

neither male or female

155
Q

in a genetically male individual (XY), what accessory sexual organs develop when there is a lack of MIH or defective MIH receptors

A

both female and male

156
Q

in a genetically male individual (XY), what accessory sexual organs develop when there is a 5-alpha reductase deficiency

A

male

157
Q

in a genetically male individual (XY), what external genitalia develops with a lack of TDF

A

female

158
Q

in a genetically male individual (XY), what external genitalia develops with testicular feminization mutation (absence of androgen receptors)

A

female

159
Q

in a genetically male individual (XY), what external genitalia develops when there is a lack of MIH or defective MIH receptors

A

male

160
Q

in a genetically male individual (XY), what external genitalia develops when there is a 5-alpha reductase deficiency

A

female

161
Q

in a genetically male individual (XY), what secondary sex characteristics develop with a lack of TDF

A

female

162
Q

in a genetically male individual (XY), what secondary sex characteristics develop with testicular feminization mutation (absence of androgen receptors)

A

female; no pubic hair and full breast development

163
Q

in a genetically male individual (XY), what secondary sex characteristics develop with lack of MIH or defective MIH receptors

A

male; may experience abdominal cramps

164
Q

in a genetically male individual (XY), what secondary sex characteristics develop with a 5-alpha reductase deficiency

A

male; hole at the base of the penis

165
Q

is TDF a hormone

A

no it is a protein - transcription factor and only has an effect in the cell that it is produced in

166
Q

which chromosome is the androgen receptor on

A

X

167
Q

what are LH, FSH, and testosterone levels in someone with testicular feminization mutation

A

LH and FSH are high because there is no negative feedback because testosterone has no receptors to bind to
testosterone levels are high because of high LH levels

168
Q

what is hypospadias

A

birth defect of the urethra that results in an abnormally placed urinary hole

169
Q

what is the gender assignment at birth and usual gender identity of someone born with 5-alpha reductase deficiency

A

gender assignment at birth: female
gender identity: in most cases male after puberty

Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions