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Behavioral Neuroendocrinology > exam 1 reading notes > Flashcards

exam 1 reading notes Flashcards

1
Q

what is behavioral endocrinology

A

study of the interaction between hormones and behavior

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2
Q

what does it mean to say the interaction between hormones and behavior is bidirectional

A

they can each influence each other independently

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3
Q

what are hormones

A

chemical messengers released from endocrine glands that travel through the blood system

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4
Q

what is testosterone

A

steroid hormone that builds muscle mass

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5
Q

what secretes testosterone in males

A

gonads (testes)

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6
Q

what is castration

A

surgical removal of the testes

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7
Q

who conducted the first endocrinology study

A

Arnold Adolph Berthold

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8
Q

what did Adolph Bertholds experiment demonstrate

A

a product of the testes was necessary for a chick to develop into a normal adult rooster

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9
Q

what were the three conclusions Berthold drew from his experiments

A
  1. the testes are transplantable organs
  2. transplanted testes can function and produce sperm
  3. there are no specific nerves directing testicular function
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10
Q

is muscle output considered behavior

A

yes

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11
Q

what levels of analyses does behavioral endocrinology primarily focus on

A

immediate causation and development

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12
Q

what are the four levels of analysis

A

immediate causation
development
evolution
adaptive function

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13
Q

what are the two levels of analysis that are considered “how questions”

A

immediate causation and development

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14
Q

what are the two levels of analysis that are considered “why questions”

A

evolution and adaptive function

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15
Q

do hormones cause behavioral changes

A

no, they influence that input, integrators, and output systems to elicit certain responses

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16
Q

can hormones affect gene expression and neuronal development

A

yes

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17
Q

can behavior influence hormones

A

yes

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18
Q

what are the three conditions that must be satisfied by the experimental results for a causal link between hormones and behavior to be established

A
  1. hormonally dependent behavior should disappear when the source is removed or the actions are blocked
  2. after behavior stops, restoration of missing hormone should reinstate behavior
  3. hormone concentrations and the behavior should be covariant
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19
Q

what does ablation mean

A

removal or extirpation

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20
Q

how do radioimmunoassays work

A

competitive binding of an antibody to its antigen

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21
Q

how do enzyme immunoassays work (EIA or ELISA)

A

competitive binding of an antibody to its antigen but EIA does not require radioactive tags because the antibody is tagged with an enzyme that changes the color of the substrate

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22
Q

what does in situ hybridization identify

A

cells or tissues that are producing mRNA molecules that encode a specific protein (NT or hormone)

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23
Q

what does a PET scan track

A

where tagged glucose is being used in the brain

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24
Q

what does fMRI track

A

blood flow

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25
Q

what is RNAi

A

gene regulatory mechanism that inhibits gene expression by impeding transcription or translation

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26
Q

what is intracrine mediation

A

chemical mediation of intracellular events

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27
Q

what are autocrine cells

A

cells that secrete products that may feed back to affect processes in the cells that originally produced them

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28
Q

what are paracrine cells

A

chemical mediators that are released by one cell and induce a biological response in an adjacent cell

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29
Q

what is an ectocrine substance

A

released from an individual to the outside world and induce a biological response in another animal (ex. pheromones)

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30
Q

what is endocrine mediation

A

endocrine cells secrete chemicals into the bloodstream where they travel to distant targets

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31
Q

what is a cytokine

A

chemical messenger that evokes proliferation of other cells, especially in the immune system

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32
Q

what is a neuromodulator

A

hormone that changes the response of a neuron to some other factors

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33
Q

do endocrine glands have ducts

A

no

34
Q

do endocrine glands have a rich blood supply

A

yes

35
Q

where are hormones secreted to

A

the bloodstream

36
Q

what is needed for a hormone to interact with a cell

A

the target cell needs the appropriate receptors

37
Q

what are steroid hormones soluble in

A

lipid soluble
NOT water soluble

38
Q

which class of hormones can move through the cell membrane easily

A

steroid hormones

39
Q

what is the precursor of a steroid hormone

A

cholesterol

40
Q

what are peptide hormones soluble in

A

water soluble (soluble in blood)

41
Q

what class of hormones bond with a carrier protein in the bloodstream

A

steroid hormones

42
Q

where are the adrenal glands located

A

on top of the kidneys

43
Q

what is the main function of the hypothalamus

A

control of hormone secretions

44
Q

what is the main function of the pineal gland

A

reproductive maturation and body rhythms

45
Q

what is the main function of the pituitary gland

A

anterior: hormones secretion by thyroid, adrenal cortex, gonads and growth
posterior: water and salt balance

46
Q

what is the main function of the thyroid

A

growth and development
metabolic rate

47
Q

what is the main function of the adrenal glands

A

cortex: salt and carb metabolism and inflammatory reactions
medulla: emotional arousal and stress response

48
Q

what is the main function of the pancreas

A

sugar metabolism

49
Q

what is the main function of the gut

A

digestion and appetite control

50
Q

what is the main function of the gonads

A

body development and maintenance of reproductive organs

51
Q

what is the difference between a peptide hormone and a protein hormone

A

peptide: few AA in length
protein: larger chains

52
Q

how are protein and peptide hormones released into circulation

A

exocytosis

53
Q

what is a biological half life

A

the amount of time required to remove half the hormone from the blood

54
Q

what are neurosecretory cells

A

modified neurons specialized for the release of chemical messengers
(similar structure to a neuron)

55
Q

what are the five releasing hormones that have been isolated and characterized

A
  1. thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
  2. growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
  3. gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
  4. melanotropin releasing hormone (MRH)
  5. corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
56
Q

what are the two inhibitory hormones that have been isolated

A
  1. somatostatin (growth hormone inhibiting hormone)
  2. gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH)
57
Q

what does dopamine inhibit

A

release of prolactin and melanotropin from the anterior pituitary

58
Q

what is hypocretin involved in

A

sleep
metabolic balance
activation of sympathetic nervous system

59
Q

what is the portal system

A

a special closed blood circuit in which two beds of capillaries, one in hypothalamus and one in anterior pituitary, are connected by a vein

60
Q

which direction does the portal system ensure blood flows

A

from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
(ensures that signals from hypothalamus end up at the anterior pituitary rather than in general circulation)

61
Q

what is the name of the hormones that are released from the anterior pituitary

A

trophic hormones

62
Q

what three hormones are known as glycoproteins

A

LH
FSH
TSH
(part of the molecular structure is a carbohydrate)

63
Q

what are the two gonadotropins

A

LH
FSH

64
Q

what does prolactin promote

A

lactation in female mammals

65
Q

where is ACTH made

A

corticotrope cells

66
Q

what is the parent protein of ACTH

A

POMC

67
Q

what are the two major neurohormones of the posterior pituitary

A

vasopressin and oxytocin

68
Q

what are the four major peptide hormones secreted from the pancreas

A

insulin
glucagon
somatostatin
pancreatic polypeptide

69
Q

what is secretion of pancreatic polypeptide stimulated by

A

protein consumption, fasting, exercise, and acute hypoglycemia

70
Q

what are the three major gastrointestinal hormones

A

secretin
cholecystokinin
ghrelin

71
Q

what is the precursor of steroid hormones

A

cholesterol

72
Q

are all hormones regulated by negative feedback

A

no

73
Q

what is the signal transduction pathway

A

the sequence of events that begins with a hormone binding to its receptor and ends with the ultimate response in a target cell

74
Q

is the pancreas an endocrine or exocrine organ

A

both

75
Q

what hormones are released from the adrenal cortex

A

mineralocorticoids
glucocorticoids
sex steroid hormones

76
Q

what hormones are released from the adrenal medulla

A

epi
NE

77
Q

where is melatonin released

A

pineal gland

78
Q

what is sexual differentiation

A

the developmental process of becoming male or female

79
Q

when does the primary step in sex differentiation occur

A

at fertilization during sex determination

80
Q

what is the name of the artist of the kiss

A

gustav klimt

Behavioral Neuroendocrinology (6 decks)

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