Exam 2- Lecture 8 (Pharmaceutical Solutions)

Question 1

What is a solution? What are the components?

Answer 1

Mixture of two or more compounds that form homogenous molecular dispersion. Solute and solvent

Question 2

What are the types of solvents?

Answer 2

Polar Non-polar Semi-polar

Question 3

What the characteristics of a polar solvent?

Answer 3

High dielectric constant: able to induce the charge on to the solvent Break covalent bonds potentially produces electrolytes by acid base reduction Dipole interaction forces

Question 4

What are the characteristics of a non-polar solvent

Answer 4

Low dielectric constant Cannot break bonds Weak electrolytes

Question 5

What are the characteristics of a semi-polar solvent?

Answer 5

-Induce certain amount of polarity in a non-polar solvent -Act as an intermediate

Question 6

Common solvents include:

Answer 6

Water Alcohol Glycerin Polyethylene glycol Propylene glycol

Question 7

What is the most common solvent? Why?

Answer 7

Water No toxicity, compatible with body

Question 8

There are different types of water, what type is used for preparations of solutions? For wounds/cleaning?

Answer 8

USP purified water USP for irrigation

Question 9

Ethyl-alcohol is used in the pharmacy. True or false

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Are there limitations to the amount of alcohol that can be in OTC products?

Answer 10

Yes

• 10% (OTC)
• up to 45% (prescription products)

Question 11

What is a saturated solution?

Answer 11

Solution in which the maximum the solute the solvent can hold is reached

Question 12

What is a unsaturated solution?

Answer 12

Solvent holds less solute than its maximum

Question 13

Supersaturated solution is what?

Answer 13

• Solvent holds more than its maximum at a given temperature
• These bonds are very unstable
• Crystallation can be stimulated by adding a seed or scratching the side of a beaker.

Question 14

Solubility alteration includes:

Answer 14

Microionization

Co-solvent- having a second solvent in the water based system to enhance the solubility of the drug

Pro-drug

Complexation

Superfactants

Question 15

Micronization

Answer 15

reducing particle size

Question 16

Co-solvent

Answer 16

• semi-polar solvents can enhance solubility of poorly soluble drugs
• adding a second solvent into the water based system
• drawback: concentration of co-solvent will go down in the system, causing precipitation and irritation to the GI tract
• works better when you have a non-polar solvent

Question 17

Pro-drug

Answer 17

• inactive but can become active by adding a polar group along the surface to increase solubility by increasing the hydrogen bonding of molecules between drug an water.
• turns into an active drug when drug is administered and gets a change through enzymatic reaction or from temperature

Question 18

Complexation

Answer 18

2 or more molecules to form non-covalent complex with higher solubility than the drug itself. (CD- cyclodextrin)

• to figure out what ratio gives you a better solubility
• dissolves a non soluble solute in water by putting it on the inside where the outside is water soluble, so the whole thing will dissolve
• makes a non soluble solute soluble

Question 19

Superfactants

Answer 19

• detergents that have affinity for polar (head) and non-polar (tail)
• laundry detergent
• have hydrophilic and hydrophobic group

Question 20

pH

Answer 20

you have to choose a pH that is not at one extreme or another