Exam 2: Lecture 13 - Equine nutrition 1 Flashcards
T/F: equine molars grow continuously and they don’t have a gall bladder
true!
what happens to bile since horses dont have a gall bladder
bile flows constantly if they are eating continuously
where do horses ferment and what does it produce
cecum and large intestine….produces volatile fatty acids
what are the 3 VFAs produced
acetate, propionate, butyrate
where is high quality and low quality protein digested in horses
high quality - small intestine
low quality - more fermented in large intestine
where are most hydrolyzed carbs digested and absorbed in horses
mostly in the small intestine
what are non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) and soluble carbohydrates
simple sugars, starch, fructans
what are structural carbohydrates
cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin
what are hydrolyzable CHO
able to be digested/absorbed in the small intestine
simple sugars and non-resistant starches
what are rapidly fermentable CHO
microbial digestion in LI
resistant starches and some oligosaccharides (fructans)
what are slowly fermentable CHO
microbial digestion in LI
hemicellulose and some cellulose
what is the ideal pasture for horses
a mixture of grasses and legume (clover & grass)
T/F: The ideal pasture for horses are often insufficient for growing foals, lactating mares or horses in training
true!!
what does the common batch/meal feed look like for horses
hay and grain in morning and evening
low amount of water ingested in hay/grain diet and feces tend to be drier
T/F: horses are not selective grazers and will eat everything
false! They ARE selective grazers
within how many hours can a horse eat a sufficient daily intake on a good pasture
within 4 hours
why is it ideal to have multiple pastures and use pasture rotation
helps with parasite control and prevents over or under grazing
what is the ideal pasture height
4 to 8 inches in height
what are the advantages of kentucky blue grass (smooth meadow grass)
very palatable and resilient turf, can be grazed close to the ground, and nutritious if properly fertilized
what are the disadvantages of kentucky blue grass (smooth meadow grass)
not as productive as some other grasses, slow growth in hot weather
what are the common pasture grasses for horses
kentucky blue grass, timothy, orchard grass, Bermuda grass, tall fescue
which category of carbohydrates contain resistant starches and fructans?
A. structural carbs
B. hydrolyzable carbs
C. slowly fermentable carbs
D. rapid fermentable carbs
D. rapidly fermentable carbs
how can you tell if a pasture is adequate
- monitor conditions of horses and pasture
- estimate pasture intake
- forage analysis
what are the 2 columns of a forage analysis
as sampled and dry-matter
what does crude protein show us on a forage analysis
quantity of protein but doesnt give any information on quality
what is included in fiber on a forage analysis
lignin, ADF, NDF
what does ADF and NDF measure
ADF - cellulose and lignin
NDF - cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin
what is included in water soluble carbs (WSC)
simple sugars, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and fructans
what is included in ethanol soluble carbs (ESC)
subset of WSC (never add WSC + ESC), should not include polysaccharides, and determines glycemic response
what are non-fiber carbs (NFC)
calculated value, all carbs that are not in NDF
how do you calculate NFC
100 - crude protein - NDF - ash
what is RFV and what does it mean
relative feed value
relative to a value of 100 so higher RFV = better
T/F: Ideally we feed by weight after nutritional analysis is performed
true!
what are the 5 ways to feed hay
- feed on ground
- feed in manger
- feed in hay rack
- feed with hay net
- round bale ring
what are the characteristics of good quality horse hay
- low stemminess
- lots of leafiness
- green color
- free from mold and dust
- smells good/fresh
- no foreign material - weeds, poisonous plants
what does dry matter contain
protein, energy, vitamins, minerals (ash)
T/F: dry matter is a portion of feed minus water
true!
weight of feed on a DM basis will be _____ compared to feed on an as-fed basis
less
concentration of nutrients on a DM basis will be __1___ compared to an as-fed basis because there is no __2__
- higher
- no water
what does “as-fed” or “as-is” refers to
the feed as we would fed it to the anima (DM + Water)
what is the definition of dry matter intake
total lbs of all feed, devoid of moisture, consumed over the course of one day
what is the ONLY accurate basis for determining intake of nutrients
dry matter intake
what is the average dry matter intake for horses at maintenance
1.5-2% of body weight
what is the average dry matter intake for horses at peak lactation
3% of body weight
what is the average dry matter intake for growing horses
2-3.5% of body weight
a 1050 lb horse at maintenance is eating 1.75% of BW. what is the DMI?
18.28lbs of DM consumed/day
(1050lbs x 0.0175= 18.28)
if a horse is eating all of its DM in pasture, how many lbs of pasture would it consume to get 18.26 lbs of DM/d? The pasture is 20% DM
91.88lbs pasture as fed
(18.28 lbs DM / 0.2 = 91.88 lbs pasture as fed)
if a horse as given 1.5 lbs of frain per day, how much dry matter would it consume if grain is 90% DM
1.35 lbs grain DM
(1.5lbs x 0.9 = 1.35 lbs grain DM)
how do we usually feed horses grain
in pan on the ground of hanging feeder
how do we measure how much grain we feed horses
must weigh the grain, not rely on volume
how do we store grain
store to prevent access by wildlife, keep horses from accessing stored grain, protect from weather, keep off ground to avoid moisture and mold
A horse weighs 1050 lbs and eats 1.8% of her body weight in DMI per day. How much is she eating?
1050 lbs x 0.018 = 18.9 lbs DM
what do textured feeds usually have
often have molasses added to increase palatability and to reduce dust (sweet feed)
what are characteristics of pelleted feeds
better utilization and digestibility, more uniform distribution and unable to sort, heated during processing, less mold, but has possibility of choke
what do lactating mares, weanling, yearlings, and working horses require
require concentrate feed for additional nutrients
how often should we feed lactating mares, weanling, yearlings, and working horses
2-3 times a day
when should we increase the amount of concentrate for lactating mares, weanlings, yearlings, and working horses
- growth is occurring
- gass is mature/not growing/unavailable
how are energy requirements calculated for horses
digestible energy (accounts for energy lost in feces)
what does metabolized energy account for
energy lost in gasses and urine
what does net energy account for
energy lost in heat
what is the average maintenance requirement of horses 600kg or less
16.4 Mcal/day
what is the energy requirement for lactation for the first 3 months
maintenance requirement + 75%
ex: 16.4 + (16.4 x 0.75)
what is the energy requirement for light work
maintenance requirement + 25%
what is the energy requirement for moderate work
maintenance + 50%
what is the energy requirement for heavy work
maintenance + 100%
what do we HAVE to know to calculate how much hay a horse would need to eat to fulfill its energy requirement and maintain body weight
need to know energy requirement of horse AND energy content of the hay
A 500kg horse is doing moderate work. What is his daily energy requirement
24.6 Mcal/d
[16.4 Mcal/day + (16.4 x 0.5)]
a 975 lb horse is doing light work. what is her daily energy requirement
20.5 Mcal/d
[16.4 Mcal/day + (16.4 x 0.25)]
A hay contains 0.89Mcal DE/lb DM. how much hay DM would the 975lb horse doing light work need to eat to maintain bodyweight?
the 975 lb horse needs 20.5Mcal/day as the energy requirement.
20.5Mcal/d / 0.89 = 23.03 lbs hay DM
the hay that we want to feed the 975 lb horse is 91% DM, how much hay does the horse need to eat on an as-fed basis?
25.31 lbs hay as fed
23.03 lbs hay DM / 0.91 DM = 25.31 lbs hay as fed
