Exam 2: lecture 12 - Feeds and Feedstuffs 2 Flashcards
what are the methods of utilization of forages
- pasture
- hay
- silage, haylage, baleage
what animals use pastures as a major feed source
beef and horses
describe the characteristics of pasture
- usually most economical
- needs to be durable for foot traffic
- growth starts early in spring and continues late through fall
- plants need to have good nutritional value and yields
how do we manage pastures
- monitor quality and growth
- use paddocks/rotational grazing
- manage with mowing, fertilization, or herbicides
- have proper stocking rate
what are the advantages and disadvantages of paddocks/rotational grazing
advantages - reduces under or over grazing, increases carrying capacity of the pasture
disadvantages - costs more to maintain
what is the proper stocking rate for pastures
varies with type of pasture crop but could be 1-2 acres/cow or other use 10-20 acres/cow
what are the 3 main concerns of pasture
poisonous plants, bloat, nitrate poisoning
how do pastures cause bloat
risk on legume pasture due to lust plant material (highly soluble nutrients)
how do pastures cause nitrate poisoning
accumulation after drought or fertilized forages and can cause abortion or death
what are the 5 ways to harvest roughages
- green chop
- silage
- haylage
- baleage
- hay
what is the moisture content of green chop
greater than or equal to 80%
what is the moisture content of silage
high moisture or direct cut have greater than or equal to 70% moisture
wilted has 60-70% moisture
what is the moisture content of haylage
40-60% moisture
what is the moisture content of baleage (round bale silage)
bailed at moisture content of 50-60%
what is the moisture content of hay
15-20% moisture
what is the biggest concern for roughages
MOLD!
what type of roughages have preserved long fibers
hay, haylage/baleage
what type of roughage has preserved short fibers
silages
what are the characteristics of hay harvesting
whole plant cut and raked to help with drying, baled in various forms and sizes, moisture must be low 15-20% MAX
why do we want hay to have a moisture content of 15-20% max
because risk of fire when it is greater than or equal to 20%
greater maturity of hay = more ___1___, ___2___ yield and ___3__ nutritional value
- more fiber
- higher yield
- LESS nutritional value
t/f: quantity = quality
false!! quantity does NOT equal quality
what are some reasons of hay losses
- leaf shatter
- heat damage
- fermentation loss
- bleaching
- spontaneous combustion
at what % moisture content leads to mold of hay
> 25-30%
what temp does hay have nutrient losses
above 120 degrees
what temp does spontaneous combustion risk of hay occur
160 degrees
what happens to hay if there is fermentation losses
reduced energy content
if there is bleaching of hay, what vitamin do we lose
vitamin A
what are some of the additives in haymaking
- propionic acid
- formic acid
- anhydrous ammonia
what benefits does propionic acid and formic acid have for hay
allow storage at higher moisture levels (they are anti-fungals to prevent mold)
what does anhydrous ammonia do for hay and how
it improves protein and energy content by dissolving some lignin, increasing digestibility, and increasing nitrogen content
what can anhydrous ammonia cause in cows
bovine bonkers
what does dried and processed hay include
cubes and pellets, can use alfalfa or grass, higher quality, more consistent, more expensive
What is the ideal moisture range when bailing dry hay?
A. 20-25%
B. 15-20%
C. 25-30%
B. 15-20%
how do we harvest silage/haylage/baleage
entire plant is cut, chopped, and preserved via fermentation
T/F: products of controlled fermentation of green roughages retain high moisture content
true! fermentation of sugars to organic acids take away O2
what type of fermentation occurs in silos
anaerobic conditions
what are the 2 types of silos
- upright
- horizontal
what is the target moisture range for storage in a silo
50-70%
what happens if silage is too wet or too dry in silo storage
- too wet = sours
- too dry = does not ferment the way you need
what is proper packaging for silage/haylage/baleage
cut at the proper length to ensure good packaging, distribute evenly in silo, weight is very important to pack tightly
what is this and what does it do
penn state forage particle separator
separates components based on particle size and is an indication of quality
what are the indicators of quality for silage/haylage/baleage
particle size determines rate of fermentation, digestibility of silage, and rumination
how does fermentation in the silo occur
- plant cells continue to respire after cutting
- consume O2, produce lactic acid and CO2
- mold inhibited due to lack of O2
- lactic acid reduces pH from 6 to 4.2
- lowered pH prevents bacterial growth and further fermentation as long as there is no O2
what are oilseeds and cereal grains
concentrate feeds
what do oilseeds provide
protein once oil/fat is extracted
what do cereal grains provide
energy
T/F: stems and leaves of oilseed and cereal grains are roughages
true!
what are some other examples of concentrates other than oilseed and cereal
- by-products of slaughter and rendering
- by-products of the baking industry and several other industries including beer, potato chip, vegetable
whole seeds of oilseeds are __1____ in oil and __2___ in protein
- high in oil
- high in protein
T/F: oil is usually extracted for human consumption and the remaining RESIDUE after extraction is high in protein
true
why must soybeans be heat-treated prior to feeding
they contain trypsin inhibitors, storage proteins that cause allergic reactions, lectin, and phytoestrogens
what are soybeans most commonly used for and in what animals
used as a protein supplement for swine and poultry
what are the characteristics of whole cottonseed
- used in dairy industry
- 23% CP
- risk of gossypol toxicity
what are the characteristics of cottonseed meal
- 41% CP
- low in lysine
- good for ruminants
what is gossypol
the yellow compound in cottonseeds
what form of gossypol is toxic and what is it toxic to
free form is toxic
toxic to heart, lungs, repro organs
list the following animals in order of greatest toxicity of gossypol:
poultry, pre-ruminants, swine, immature ruminants
swine, poultry, pre-ruminants, immature ruminants
why are mature ruminants generally not susceptible to gossypol toxicity
gossypol binds to soluble proteins in the rumen which prevents absorption of it
how can we protect/inactivate gossypol in cottonseed
iron salts and high protein can be protective
heat and processing can inactivate the toxin
what is rapeseed and when is it used
mostly used for industrial purposes
it is a glucosinolate that inhibits metabolism of thyroid gland and can induce goiter
what is canola
hybrid of rapeseed developed in canada that is low in glucosinolates
what are the characteristics of cereal grains
high in energy, includes seeds from grasses, high in starch, high in phosphorus, moderate amount of protein
_____ is gold standard regarding level of energy
corn!
what are the characteristics of corn (maize)
highly productive and palatable, high DE, high oil, low fiber, LOW CP
what is a concern for using corn for ruminants
lysine and tryptophan are limiting….those both are essential AAs that ruminants need
T/F: corn must be processed to be well-utilized by animals
true!!
what is the contamination concern for corn
mycotoxins produces by molds (aflatoxin)
what is the most common protein supplement fed to swine and poultry?
A. cottonseed meal
B. whole cottonseed
C. soybean meal
D. whole soybeans
C. soybean meal
what are the characteristics of sorghum (milo)
drought-resistant, feed ground, flaked, rolled but need to process first, high energy low protein
why must we heat-treat sorghum (milo)
tannins in the outer layer react with enzymes in GIT that reduce digestibility
T/F: Sorghum (milo) is the most commonly grown energy concentrate
false, 2nd most commonly grown
what are the characteristics of wheat
mainly used for humans, must roll/flake to break kernel, pasty in GIT, high DE, low fiber, good CP
why should we limit wheat to 50% of grain intake in cattle
because there is a risk of acidosis since it is highly fermentable starch
what are the characteristics of barley
- northern crop - grown where corn isnt
- drought-resistant
- must grind, roll, or flake due to kernel
- can be fed to ruminants, lower energy than corn
what are the characteristics of oats
- suited to cool, wet climate
- fed whole or rolled to horses
- less DE, more soluble fiber, less colic
- high quality CP
what are the grain by-products and what animal is it most suitable to be fed to
brewers and distillers grains
more suitable for ruminants
what are distiller grains
residues of grains fermented to produce liquor or ethanol
what are brewers grains
usually barley fermentation to produce beer
what is beet pulp and what animal is it good to feed
residue after sugar extraction from sugar beets, palatable soluble fiber
good energy source for horses
what is molasses
by-product of sugar beet or sugar cane production, palatable, reduce dust, binding agent
what are the other by-product protein sources mentioned in lecture
- meat and bone meal
- poultry litter
- blood meal
- restaurant food waste
what are the characteristics of oils and fats
high DE, energy supplement in rations, reduces dust
what is tallow and what animal can be fed it
by-product of rendering beef or lamb fat
only fed to cattle if certified protein-free
