Exam 2: lecture 11 - Feeds and Feedstuffs 1 Flashcards
What are the main 5 nutrient categories
- list the main 3 first
- water
- energy
- protein
- vitamins
- minerals
Fat and carbohydrates fall under which category of nutrients
energy
How is water supplied to animals
- free drinking water
- water in feeds
- metabolic water
Fresh water should always be available to horses, except for?
after hard exercise
Water consumption is usually based on?
dry matter intake
Would more or less water be needed for the following situation
- lactating cows
more water needed
How much water is normal consumption for physiological maintenance
40-80 mL/kg BW/d
up to 100 mL/kg BW/d for neonates
2 forms energy can be provided through the diet are
carbohydrates
- startch, hemicellulose and cellulose
lipids
- solid fats and oils
Energy can be provided by _____ if necessary or if protein fed in excess
- for energy because they are glucogenic = produce glucose - energy
protein
Energy from the diet is important for?
- maintenance
- growth
- reproduction
- production
TDN% (total digestible nutrients) is related to digestable energy is the sum of?
- digestable crude fiber (CF)
- digestible crude protein (CP)
- Digestible fat multiplies by the factor 2.25
- digestible nitrogen free extract (NFE)
Energy is often measured in
- kilocalories (kcal) = ? calories
1000 calories
Energy is often measured in
- megacalories (Mcal) = ? Kcal
1000 Kcal
In horses and other non-ruminant diets, what is protein generally referred to as?
crude protein
Which nutrient category provides essential and non-essential amino acids
protein
Essential amino acids are provided by ______ in ruminant animals
microbes
In ruminants how do we define degradable intake protein
protein used by the rumen microbes and transformed into microbial protein (nitrogen)
In ruminants, how do we classify undegreaded intake protein (aka bypass protein)
- protein that remains undegraded through the rumen
- will be availabe for digestions and absorption in SI
What type of protein is important to help meet protein needs of high-producing dairy cattle?
undegradable intake protein
Proximate analysis of feedstuff is similar to ______ of petfoods
guaranteed analysis
For proximate analysis of feedstuff we use a series of heating and chemical extracts to determine what 6 aspect?
-
dry matter content via measuring water content by over drying
(accurate calculations of other nutritents + determine how much an animal will eat) - ash (mineral) via burning
- energy via bomb calorimeter (gives gross energy)
- crude protein via determining nitrogen value as the average nitrogen content in protein is 16%
- FIBER (SEVERAL METHODS) = FOCUS OF THIS LECTURE
- non-structural carbohydrates
Increase in maturity has what effeect on digestability
decrease digestability
Structal componets (provide fibers) of the diet include?
- stem + leaves
- cellulose
- hemicellulose
- lignin from cell wall componets
- resistant to mammalian enzymes
Do the stem or leaves have more fiber?
stem has more fiber
- leaves are the cell are with more soluble contents
Which part of the plant is
- soluble cell componets
- protein, sugars and startch
cell contents
What does photosynthesis make in the cell contents?
glucose = startch, cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin
What part of the plant is
- componets vary based on plant
- high startch (corn)
- high in fiber due to hull (seedcoat) for some plants
seeds
Which way to measure fiber is not relaible and not very accurate
- dont use in large animal nutrition
- Mostly estimates indigestable portion
(everything except cellulose and lignin)
crude fiber
Which was to measure fiber is
- solubilizes cell contents
- leaves hemicellulse, cellulose, and lignin
NDF
Which way to measure fiber is
- leaves cellulose and lignin
- measies the MOST indigestable portion
ADF
Does the following define neutral detergent fiber (NDF) or acid detergent fiber (ADF)?
- predictor of voluntary intake because it provides bulk or fill
NDF
Lower NDF values are desired because NDF ________ as forages mature
increase
Does the following define neutral detergent fiber (NDF) or acid detergent fiber (ADF)?
- includes leather digestable plant componets, including cellulose and lignin
ADF
ADF values are inversely related to digestibility, so forages with low ADF concentrations are usually _____ in energy
higher
Does the following define neutral detergent fiber (NDF) or acid detergent fiber (ADF)?
- predictors of voluntary feed intake
NDF
If a feed has more ligning is cellulose more or less digestable
less digestable
Does the following define neutral detergent fiber (NDF) or acid detergent fiber (ADF)?
- used as an index of gut fill to predict vluntary feed intake
- higher values = decreases feed intake
NDF
For horses, NDF values less than _____% are excellent
- very good horse hays are between 40-45%
- Above 65% they are not likely to be eaten by most horses
40%
Which compartment of the ruminant animal is hemicellulose most digestable + cellulose is the least digestable while lignin is indigestable
rumen
_____ is a measure of cellulose and lignin
ADF
Cellulose varies in digestability based on ______ content
lignin
As lignin increases does digestability of cellulose increase or decrease
decrease
Is ADF positvely or negatively correlated with overall digestability
negatively
For horses what is the ideal ADF value
30-35%
As ADF goes above ____% in horses the hay value really starts to decrease
45%
Soluble componets of feed are found in the plants cell contents (storage energy). What contents are located in this area?
simple sugars
startch
organic acids
Give examples of simple sugars
glucose
fructose
sucrose
lactose
Non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) can be digested by endogenous enzymes such as
amylase
T/F: NSC are the least important in equine nutrition
false, they are very important
NSC may be high in certain hays, usually quite high in ______
grains
What happens to NDF AND ADF as a pasture grass matures
both increase
______ are high in structural carbohydrates (cellulose) and low in energy
- greater than 18% crude fiber
Forages (roughages)
Does the following define caronaceious or proteinaceous?
- non-legumes forages such as grasses
- Timothy / orchard grass
carbonaceous
Does the following define caronaceious or proteinaceous?
- high in calcium and protin
- alfalfa / clover
Proteinaceous
Do nutrients increase or decrease (particularly energy and protein) as the forages mature
decrease
Does fiber increase or decrease as forages mature
increase
What type of grass does the following define?
- Warm season grass
- costal bermuda / common bermuda
- used for laws, pastures, and hays
- dens root system = spreads through rhizomes and stolons
- becomes very fibrous when over-mature
Bermuda grass
Which plant has fungal endophyte in seed head that produces toxins (peramine / lolitrem B)
- bad for cattle, sheep and llamas
ryegrass staggers
- recovery if removed from pasture early
What type of plant has saprophytic fungus growing on dead plats = produces sporidesmins (mycotoxins)
- causes photo-sensitization and produce skin lesions
fascial eczema
Is ryegrass staggers and fascial ezcema perennial or annual ryegrass side effect?
perennial ryegrass
What type of plants can the seed heads be infected (yellow slime) by see gall nematode
- nemotode is infected by a seed gall bacteria which produced corynetoxin
Annual ryegrass toxicosis
What type of grass does the following define?
- relatively winter hardy and very common cool season grass
- no toxic factor
smooth bromegrass
What type of grass does the following define?
- commonly used in lawns and pastures
- a cool season grass but can adapt to warm climates
tall fescue
What type of fescue is described as
- toxic “wild” endophyte fescue
- toxic alkaloids = animal disorders
TE fescue
What is the purpose of endophyte in tall fescue
give the plant drought resistance
What type of fescue is described as
- endophyte-free fescue
- no alkaloids + no resistance to drought or pests
EF fescue
What type of fescue is described as
- novel endophyte fescue
- does not produce alkaloids, but able to survive in drought areas
NE fescue
What type of fescue is described as
- contains Acremonium coenophialum
TE fescue
Endophyte produces _____ alkaloids
- clavines
- lysetgic acids
- lysergic acid amides
- Ergopeptines
ergot alkaloids
What are the 3 main issues caused by ergot alkaloids
- vasoconstriction
- hypersensitivity
- impair heat stress recognition
- Fescue foot
- summer fescue toxicosis
- Mare reproduction
What is fescue foot caused by Ergot Alkalosis in animals?
loss of blood flow to extremities
What is summer fescue toxiosis caused by Ergot Alkalosis in animals?
- body temperature elevated
- rapid breathing
- poor growth
- rough hair coat
What is Mares reproduction issues caused by Ergot Alkalosis cause in animals?
- prolonged gestation
- weak foals
- abortion
- agalactia
What type of fescue is described as
- cool season grass that does not withstand drought
(often grown along with another grass such as orchard grass) - important hay grass and good for horses
- can be cubed for rabbits and horses
- CP can be relatively high
Timothy
What type of fescue is described as
- very productive, common, season grass that makes quality grass hay
- not as drough resistant or animal hoof resistant as tall fescue
- usually cut in early bloom or prior to bloom
Orchard grass
The following are defined as?
- big bluestem
- little bluestem
- indian grass
- switch grass
- prarie hay
native grasses
Which plants are able to fix their own nitrogen using bacteria associated with their roots
Legumes
_______ includes soybeans, alfalfa, clovers, green beans, peas and lentils
Legumes
Legumes have a higher CP, higher mineral count especially _____. this is ideal because they are drought tolerant and palatable
calcium
Does the following define early bloom alfalfa, midbloom alfalfa, or
mature alfalfa
- CP: 18-19%
- ADF: 30.5
- NDF: 40
early bloom alfalfa
Does the following define early bloom alfalfa, midbloom alfalfa, or
mature alfalfa
- CP: 17-18%
- ADF: 35
- NDF: 44
Midbloom alfalfa
Does the following define early bloom alfalfa, midbloom alfalfa, or
mature alfalfa
- CP: 15-16%
- ADF: 42.5
- NDF: 49
Mature alfalfa
What condition does highly soluble proteins in plant cells attacked by slime-producing rumen bacteria
bloat in cattle if grazed
What condition comes from alfalfa baled in midwest, southwest and mountainous regions
blister beetle toxicity in horses
Beetles baled with hay and contains _______ causes
- GI irritation and death in horses
- less toxic in cattle and sheep
- oral ulcers
- colic
- very few needed to kill the animal
Cantharidin
What type of plant is described as
-
high in coumarin, which is converted by molds to dicoumarol
= tends to be a problem when bailing sweet clover
= docoumarol is anti-vitamin K and interferes with blood clotting
sweet clover
sweet clover is high in _____ which is converted by molds to docoumarol
coumarin
______ is anti-vitamin K and interferes with blood clotting
Docoumarol
What disease is characterized by
- bleeding following surgeries, casterations, dehorning, etc
- fetal hemorrhage followed by abortions
- most significant is carcass damage from bruising
sweet clover disase
What type of plant is described as
- cool, humid, temperate regions
- doesnt tolerate heavy grazing
- turns brown after cut for hay due to presence of polyhenol oxidase
red clover
What disease is characterized by
- rust colored mold on leaves produce slaframine
= causes excessive slobbering in horses
Red clover slobbers
what forages may cause prolonged gestation and/or agalactia in mares?
TE fescue
What is Alsike clover poisoining
- unknown toxin = could be a mycotoxin synthesixed by a fungus or accumulated y the plant under stressful conditions
What is acute alsike clover poisioning
causes photosensitization in horses
What is chronic alsike clover poisoning
causes liver failure accompanied by neurological impairment in horses
What type of plant is described as
- tolerates grazing well
- can cause bloat
- Contains cyanogenic glycosides that can produce HCN**
white clover
Detoxification of HCN in the rumen and liver produces ______, which can be inhibit binding of iodine in thyroid gland
thiocyanate
What is defined as any low growing broadleaf plant that commonly grows with grass plants
forbs
Goats will readily consume many of the _____ growing in pasture situations during various periods of the year
forbs
