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Child psych > Exam 2: infancy > Flashcards

Exam 2: infancy Flashcards

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1
Q

what are Braxton-Hicks contractions

A

fake contractions that prepare the muscle in the bodies for real ones. can have them when you are 6 months pregnant.

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2
Q

what is dropping or lightening

A

the fetus’ head settles in the mother’s pelvis

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3
Q

what can happen a day or so before the labour begins

A

blood vessels may rupture because of the fetus pressure. the mucus becomes dislodged, and amniotic liquid might discharge. other signs of labour can be diarrhea, indigestion, cramps, ache in the back

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4
Q

what is the sign of the baby to say it is ready to come out

A

it secretes hormones that cause the placenta and uterus to secrete prostaglandins: they prepare the muscles to cramp

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5
Q

what do oxytocin do during labour

A

the pituitary gland secretes this hormone to cause powerful enough contractions to expel baby

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6
Q

what is the transition

A

when the head of the fetus starts to move in the vagina. lasts 30 minutes

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7
Q

what is crowning

A

when the baby’s head begins to emerge from the birth canal. after that the baby is usually out within minutes

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8
Q

what is anoxia

A

absence of oxygen

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9
Q

what is hypoxia

A

less oxygen than required

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10
Q

what does the APGAR test asses

A

activity, pulse, grimace, skin, breathing (10 is a perfect score)

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11
Q

what test mesures reflexes

A

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale

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12
Q

what are reflexes

A

unlearned, automatic responses that occur without thinking.

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13
Q

what is the rooting reflexe

A

baby turns its head and mouth toward a stimulus that stroke its cheek, chin, or corner of the mouth. basic to survival

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14
Q

moro reflex

A

startle reflex. the back arches and the legs and arms are flung out then brought back toward the chest. lost within 6-7 months after birth.

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15
Q

palmar reflex

A

using four fingers (not thumb) to grasp.

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16
Q

what is the Babinksi reflex

A

toes spread in response to stroking under the foot

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17
Q

tonic-neck reflex

A

baby turns its head to the side

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18
Q

is a baby’s vision fully developed at birth?

A

no, they are nearsighted

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19
Q

what is sudden infant death syndrome

A

the death while sleeping, of apparently healthy babies who stop breathing

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20
Q

what is cephalocaudal development

A

the head is way bigger than the rest of the body. allows room for the brain that has to be there for growth.

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21
Q

what is differentiation

A

the processes by which behaviours and physical structures become specialized

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22
Q

what is failure to thrive

A

a disorder of infancy and early childhood characterized by variable eating and inadequate gains in weight

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23
Q

what are micronutrients

A

required in small doses like vitamins and mineral that are needed for physical growth

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24
Q

what are macronutrients

A

required in large quantities such as protein, carbohydrates, fat that are responsible for physical growth

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25
Q

what is myelination

A

coating of axons with myelin . not complete at birth. this process leads to crawl and walk

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26
Q

what is the medulla for

A

heartbeat and respiration

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27
Q

what is the cerebellum for

A

maintaining balance, control motor behaviour, and coordinate eye movements with bodily sensations

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28
Q

what is the cerebrum for

A

learning, thought, memory, and language

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29
Q

what is habituation

A

becoming used to a stimulus and therefore paying less attention to it

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30
Q

what are schemas

A

a mental structure that categorizes information based on similarity

31
Q

assimilation

A

new information is added to an existing schema

32
Q

accomodation

A

new information must be modified to fit an existing schema as new information is acquired

33
Q

piaget’s division of sensorimotor sub-genres

A

simple reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary schemas, tertiary circular reaction, and Invention of new means through mental combinations

34
Q

simple reflexes

A

0-1 mns. reflexes, sucking

35
Q

primary circular reactions

A

1-4 mns. coordinating two actions like sucking on own thumb

36
Q

secondary circular reactions

A

4-8 mns. repeat pleasing actions-objects

37
Q

coordination of secondary schemas

A

8-12 mns. more purposeful actions like move objects to reach another

38
Q

tectiary circular reactions

A

12-18 mns. old actions on other objects

39
Q

invention of new means through mental representation

A

18-24 mns. symbolic thought, plan of action

40
Q

what are gross motor skills in order of development

A

lift head, lift chest, support head, roll, sit, crawl, stand with support, walk, kick

41
Q

what are fine motor skills in order of development

A

hold and grasp, reach and manipulate, thumbs and pincer grasp, stack blocks

42
Q

what is object permanence

A

recognition that objects continue to exist when they are not in view

43
Q

what is differed imitation

A

imitation of a behaviour that was seen earlier

44
Q

what is cooing

A

prelinguistic vowel like sounds that reflect feelings of positive excitement

45
Q

what is babbling

A

child’s first vocalization that have the sound of a speech

46
Q

what is echolalia

A

the automatic repetition of sounds or words

47
Q

what is repetitive vocab

A

the number of words a person understands

48
Q

what is expressive vocab

A

the number of words one person can use in the production of language

49
Q

what is referential language style

A

use of language primarily as a means of labelling objects

50
Q

what is the expressive language style

A

use of language primarily as a means of engaging in social interactions

51
Q

what is overextension

A

use of words in situations in which their meanings become extended

52
Q

what are holophrases

A

a single word that is used to express complex meanings

53
Q

language theory nature vs nurture

A

nurture: social cognitive theory, operant conditioning, motherese
nature: sensative to subtle differences in language at birth

54
Q

what and when is the sensitive period

A

from 18 months to puberty, the brain is especially capable of learning language

55
Q

what is motherese (10 components)

A

slow high pitch
brief sentences
simple grammar
keyword sentences
y at the end of words
repeat
reduplication - yummy yummy
concrete vocab - tiger is big kitty
overdescribed - kitty cat
speak for child - we want

56
Q

what is attachment

A

affectional bond characterized by seeking closeness with another when distressed especially after separation

57
Q

how does attachment develop

A

quality care such as affection, cooperative, reliable, predictable, and timely care

58
Q

psychosocial view of attachment

A

trust vs mistrust

59
Q

ethological view of attachment. who is Bowlby

A

survival value. babies are programmed to get our attention by crying, smiling, interest in faces

60
Q

when does separation anxiety occur

A

when they have object permanence

61
Q

what is Ainsworth’s attachment theory and what did it show

A

mom left for three minutes then came back.
secure, avoidant, anxious/ambivalent, disorganized/disoriented

62
Q

what is an avoidant bond

A

the mom leaves: indifferent, she comes back: ignores

63
Q

what is an anxious/ambivalent bond

A

leaves; severe distress, comes back: cling or push away

64
Q

what is a disorganized/disoriented bond

A

leaves: confused, comes back: go to mom but don’t look at her

65
Q

3 domains for a quality daycare

A

physical: safety, nutrition, gross and fine motor play
cognitive: language, make believe-play, mini scientists
social: interaction with peers, complex emotions
qualified educators and low child-educator ratio

66
Q

when do children have complex emotions and what are they

A

guilt, embarrassment, pride, shame around 18-24 mns

67
Q

social referencing

A

using another person’s reaction to a situation to form one’s own response

68
Q

how do baby regulate their emotions

A

look away, moves closer to a parent, self talk

69
Q

steps in playing with peers

A

non-social play (6 mns): watching others
parallel play (12 mns): play alone but near
simple social play (15-18 mns)
cooperative play (24 mns)

70
Q

self-schema

A

they knoe they exist by 2, “me”, “i”. how to asses? mirror task. they touch their nose if they are self aware

71
Q

what is temperament

A

individual difference in style of reaction which is present early in life

72
Q

3 dimensions of temperament

A

emotionality, activity, sociability

73
Q

3 types of temperament with explanations

A

easy: transitions easy, adaptable, routine
difficult: irritable, active fetus is more likely to be difficult
slow to warmup: in between

Child psych (5 decks)

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