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Child psych > Exam 2: infancy > Flashcards

Exam 2: infancy Flashcards

1
Q

what are Braxton-Hicks contractions

A

fake contractions that prepare the muscle in the bodies for real ones. can have them when you are 6 months pregnant.

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2
Q

what is dropping or lightening

A

the fetus’ head settles in the mother’s pelvis

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3
Q

what can happen a day or so before the labour begins

A

blood vessels may rupture because of the fetus pressure. the mucus becomes dislodged, and amniotic liquid might discharge. other signs of labour can be diarrhea, indigestion, cramps, ache in the back

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4
Q

what is the sign of the baby to say it is ready to come out

A

it secretes hormones that cause the placenta and uterus to secrete prostaglandins: they prepare the muscles to cramp

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5
Q

what do oxytocin do during labour

A

the pituitary gland secretes this hormone to cause powerful enough contractions to expel baby

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6
Q

what is the transition

A

when the head of the fetus starts to move in the vagina. lasts 30 minutes

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7
Q

what is crowning

A

when the baby’s head begins to emerge from the birth canal. after that the baby is usually out within minutes

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8
Q

what is anoxia

A

absence of oxygen

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9
Q

what is hypoxia

A

less oxygen than required

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10
Q

what does the APGAR test asses

A

activity, pulse, grimace, skin, breathing (10 is a perfect score)

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11
Q

what test mesures reflexes

A

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale

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12
Q

what are reflexes

A

unlearned, automatic responses that occur without thinking.

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13
Q

what is the rooting reflexe

A

baby turns its head and mouth toward a stimulus that stroke its cheek, chin, or corner of the mouth. basic to survival

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14
Q

moro reflex

A

startle reflex. the back arches and the legs and arms are flung out then brought back toward the chest. lost within 6-7 months after birth.

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15
Q

palmar reflex

A

using four fingers (not thumb) to grasp.

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16
Q

what is the Babinksi reflex

A

toes spread in response to stroking under the foot

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17
Q

tonic-neck reflex

A

baby turns its head to the side

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18
Q

is a baby’s vision fully developed at birth?

A

no, they are nearsighted

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19
Q

what is sudden infant death syndrome

A

the death while sleeping, of apparently healthy babies who stop breathing

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20
Q

what is cephalocaudal development

A

the head is way bigger than the rest of the body. allows room for the brain that has to be there for growth.

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21
Q

what is differentiation

A

the processes by which behaviours and physical structures become specialized

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22
Q

what is failure to thrive

A

a disorder of infancy and early childhood characterized by variable eating and inadequate gains in weight

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23
Q

what are micronutrients

A

required in small doses like vitamins and mineral that are needed for physical growth

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24
Q

what are macronutrients

A

required in large quantities such as protein, carbohydrates, fat that are responsible for physical growth

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25
what is myelination
coating of axons with myelin . not complete at birth. this process leads to crawl and walk
26
what is the medulla for
heartbeat and respiration
27
what is the cerebellum for
maintaining balance, control motor behaviour, and coordinate eye movements with bodily sensations
28
what is the cerebrum for
learning, thought, memory, and language
29
what is habituation
becoming used to a stimulus and therefore paying less attention to it
30
what are schemas
a mental structure that categorizes information based on similarity
31
assimilation
new information is added to an existing schema
32
accomodation
new information must be modified to fit an existing schema as new information is acquired
33
piaget's division of sensorimotor sub-genres
simple reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary schemas, tertiary circular reaction, and Invention of new means through mental combinations
34
simple reflexes
0-1 mns. reflexes, sucking
35
primary circular reactions
1-4 mns. coordinating two actions like sucking on own thumb
36
secondary circular reactions
4-8 mns. repeat pleasing actions-objects
37
coordination of secondary schemas
8-12 mns. more purposeful actions like move objects to reach another
38
tectiary circular reactions
12-18 mns. old actions on other objects
39
invention of new means through mental representation
18-24 mns. symbolic thought, plan of action
40
what are gross motor skills in order of development
lift head, lift chest, support head, roll, sit, crawl, stand with support, walk, kick
41
what are fine motor skills in order of development
hold and grasp, reach and manipulate, thumbs and pincer grasp, stack blocks
42
what is object permanence
recognition that objects continue to exist when they are not in view
43
what is differed imitation
imitation of a behaviour that was seen earlier
44
what is cooing
prelinguistic vowel like sounds that reflect feelings of positive excitement
45
what is babbling
child's first vocalization that have the sound of a speech
46
what is echolalia
the automatic repetition of sounds or words
47
what is repetitive vocab
the number of words a person understands
48
what is expressive vocab
the number of words one person can use in the production of language
49
what is referential language style
use of language primarily as a means of labelling objects
50
what is the expressive language style
use of language primarily as a means of engaging in social interactions
51
what is overextension
use of words in situations in which their meanings become extended
52
what are holophrases
a single word that is used to express complex meanings
53
language theory nature vs nurture
nurture: social cognitive theory, operant conditioning, motherese nature: sensative to subtle differences in language at birth
54
what and when is the sensitive period
from 18 months to puberty, the brain is especially capable of learning language
55
what is motherese (10 components)
slow high pitch brief sentences simple grammar keyword sentences y at the end of words repeat reduplication - yummy yummy concrete vocab - tiger is big kitty overdescribed - kitty cat speak for child - we want
56
what is attachment
affectional bond characterized by seeking closeness with another when distressed especially after separation
57
how does attachment develop
quality care such as affection, cooperative, reliable, predictable, and timely care
58
psychosocial view of attachment
trust vs mistrust
59
ethological view of attachment. who is Bowlby
survival value. babies are programmed to get our attention by crying, smiling, interest in faces
60
when does separation anxiety occur
when they have object permanence
61
what is Ainsworth's attachment theory and what did it show
mom left for three minutes then came back. secure, avoidant, anxious/ambivalent, disorganized/disoriented
62
what is an avoidant bond
the mom leaves: indifferent, she comes back: ignores
63
what is an anxious/ambivalent bond
leaves; severe distress, comes back: cling or push away
64
what is a disorganized/disoriented bond
leaves: confused, comes back: go to mom but don't look at her
65
3 domains for a quality daycare
physical: safety, nutrition, gross and fine motor play cognitive: language, make believe-play, mini scientists social: interaction with peers, complex emotions qualified educators and low child-educator ratio
66
when do children have complex emotions and what are they
guilt, embarrassment, pride, shame around 18-24 mns
67
social referencing
using another person's reaction to a situation to form one's own response
68
how do baby regulate their emotions
look away, moves closer to a parent, self talk
69
steps in playing with peers
non-social play (6 mns): watching others parallel play (12 mns): play alone but near simple social play (15-18 mns) cooperative play (24 mns)
70
self-schema
they knoe they exist by 2, "me", "i". how to asses? mirror task. they touch their nose if they are self aware
71
what is temperament
individual difference in style of reaction which is present early in life
72
3 dimensions of temperament
emotionality, activity, sociability
73
3 types of temperament with explanations
easy: transitions easy, adaptable, routine difficult: irritable, active fetus is more likely to be difficult slow to warmup: in between

Child psych (5 decks)

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