Exam 1 (chap 1, 2, 3A)

Question 1

who thought children were blank slates

Answer 1

John Locke

Question 2

who argued children were inherently good

Answer 2

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Question 3

who founded child development as an academic discipline

Answer 3

Stanley Hall

Question 4

what is developmental psychology

Answer 4

biological, psychological, and sociocultural study of the development across the lifespan

Question 5

what are challenges and changes caused by

Answer 5

maturation and learning processes

Question 6

who thought the main principle of development is maturation

Answer 6

Gesell

Question 7

what theories are part of the psychodynamic/psychoanalytic point of view

Answer 7

Freud’s psychosexual approach and Erikson’s psychosocial approach

Question 8

what is the psychosexual approach

Answer 8

there are 5 stages to development. if a child does not receive enough gratification at one stage, he stays there

Question 9

what are the five stages of Freud’s psychosexual approach

Answer 9

1. oral (0-1) - sucking, biting. a kid who breastfeeds for too long my stay there and start smoking or nail biting later on
2. anal (1-3) - potty training
3. phallic stage (3-6) - sexual attachment to parents
4. latent stage (6-ado) - pretty much nothing happening
5. genital (ado) - seeking sexual experience

Question 10

what are the stages in the psychosocial approach named after

Answer 10

life crises

Question 11

stages in erikson’s theory

Answer 11

1. trust vs mistrust (0-1)
2. autonomy vs doubt (1-3)
3. initiative vs guilt (3-6)
4. industry vs inferiority (6-ado)
5. identity vs identity crisis (ado)

Question 12

who founded classical conditioning and what is it

Answer 12

Pavlov (learning by associations (salivating dog))

Question 13

who founded operant conditioning and what is it

Answer 13

skinner. punishment and reinforcements

Question 14

who founded the social cognitive theory and what is it

Answer 14

Bandura. learning by observing

Question 15

what is cognitive theory

Answer 15

developing memory, language…

Question 16

Piaget’s cognitive theories

Answer 16

1. sensorimotor (birth-2) - senses and motor
2. preoperational (2-6) - self-centred individuals
3. concrete operational (7-11) - logical individuals
4. formal operational (12+) - abstract

Question 17

two theories in biological perspective

Answer 17

maturational theory (Gessell) and Ethological theory (Lorenz)

Question 18

Gessell’s maturational theory

Answer 18

natural unfolding of the biological plan

Question 19

Lorenz ethological theory

Answer 19

behaviours have survival value (inherited)
critical periods, imprinting, attachment

Question 20

two theories in the contextual perspective

Answer 20

sociocultural theory (vugotsky) and ecological theory (bronfenbrenner)

Question 21

vugotsky’s sociocultural theory

Answer 21

adults teach culture

Question 22

bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory

Answer 22

multiple systems teach culture

Question 23

strenghts of surveys

Answer 23

time efficient, cost efficient, large sample

Question 24

weaknesses of surveys

Answer 24

memory, honesty, prediction

Question 25

observational experiments two type

Answer 25

naturalistic vs structured

Question 26

strenghts of observation

Answer 26

don't need to rely on self-report, natural behaviour

Question 27

weaknesses of observation

Answer 27

can't study rare or private behaviour, time consuming

Question 28

longitudinal studies

Answer 28

one age group through multiple years

Question 29

cross-sectional studies

Answer 29

multiple ages tested at once

Question 30

sequential studies

Answer 30

multiple age groups tested multiple times

Question 31

what is heredity

Answer 31

the transmission of genetic material from one generation to another

Question 32

what are epigenetics

Answer 32

experiences can affect genetic expression

Question 33

what is a genotype

Answer 33

our genes, all genetic material

Question 34

what is phenotype

Answer 34

our features (physical, personality, social). genes + environment

Question 35

what is a gene

Answer 35

a pair of allele

Question 36

what is homozygous

Answer 36

identical alleles

Question 37

what is heterozygous

Answer 37

different alleles

Question 38

what is incomplete dominance with example

Answer 38

environmental things make allele more quiet ex: sickle cell trait. healthy is dominant, but in low oxygen, it changes and can have problems

Question 39

what is monozygotic vs dizygotic

Answer 39

m= identical d=fraternal

Question 40

inherited disorders from single gene (usually need 2 alleles recessive)

Answer 40

albinism Tay-Sachs PKU Cystic fibrosis

Question 41

inherited disorder with only one allele

Answer 41

Huntington's

Question 42

chromosonal abnormalities

Answer 42

too many on 21=down syndrome

Question 43

sex-linked abnormalities

Answer 43

hemophilia or colour blindness

Question 44

the 3 stages of prenatal development

Answer 44

1. zygotic (1-2 weeks) 2. embryotic (3-8 weeks) 3. fetal (9-38 weeks)

Question 45

what happens in the zygotic stage

Answer 45

egg is fertalized in the fallopian tube, rapid cell division, zygote implanted in uterus wall

Question 46

what happens in the embryotic stage

Answer 46

body parts are formed, embryo in amniotic sac, umbelical cord joins embryo to placenta

Question 47

what happens in fetal stage

Answer 47

increase in size and system function

Question 48

age of viability for a fetus

Answer 48

22 to 28 weeks

Question 49

risk factors in pregnancy

Answer 49

nutrition, stress, mother's age, teratogens (agents disrupting), drugs, environmental hazards

Question 50

what can be done to detect prenatal diagnosis

Answer 50

blood tests, ultrasound, chorionic villus sampling (needle in placenta) (8 weeks), amniocentesis (fluid in amniotic sac) (16 weeks)

Question 51

3 stages of labour

Answer 51

1. uterus contracts, cervix enlarges, 12-24 hours, painful 2. baby pushed down the birth canal, baby is born. about an hour 3. placenta is expelled, 10-15 minutes

Question 52

what are some birth complications

Answer 52

lack of 02 for baby, placenta abruption, premature

Question 53

what is small-for-date

Answer 53

baby low birthweight

Question 54

what does the apgar test asses

Answer 54

activity, pulse, grimace, skin (colour), breathing

Question 55

the 4 primary states of baby

Answer 55

alert inactivity, waking activity, crying, sleeping

Question 56

what happens when mom has postpardum depression

Answer 56

children are at risk of depression and behavioural problems because of the lack of warmth and enthusiasm

Question 57

reproductive technique

Answer 57

tube baby (not a lot of success, expensive, chance of twins or triplets)