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IHUM 201 > Exam 2: Greece > Flashcards

Exam 2: Greece Flashcards

1
Q

Doric Order

A

Vitruvius “masculine” Order
- simple circular capitals at top of columns
- simplest of orders (complex details in entablature on top)
- fluted columns
- no base = went straight into stylobate/ platform
- plain architrave
- complex frieze: triglyph and guttae (beams and pegs of wooden construction = ornamental)
- cheapest/ strongest (ground floor)
Summary: the oldest and simplest of the Greek Architectural order characterized by a heavy column that stands directly on a temple’s stylobate

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2
Q

Ionic Order

A

Vitruvius “feminine” Order
- thinnest and smallest columns
- capitals use volutes
- columns stand on base (separates column from stylobate/ platform)
- cap = usually enriched w/ egg-and-dart
Summary: One of the Greek architectural orders characterized by columns either of caryatids or with scrolled capitals

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3
Q

Corinthian Order

A

Vitruvius “maidenly” Order
- newest of 3 classical orders
- most ornate of the orders
- slender fluted columns
- elaborate capitals decorated w/ acanthus leaves/ scrolls
- many variations
Summary: The most elaborate of the Greek architectural orders distinguished by a capital decorated with acanthus leaves

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4
Q

Volute

A
  • spiral scroll characteristic of Ionic capitals and also used in Corinthian and Composite capitals
  • a scroll-like motif on a column’s capital
  • a coiled or scrolled and counter-curved architectural element
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5
Q

Acanthus

A
  • plant form used to ornament capitals of Corinthian and Composite orders
  • Applied to friezes/ dentils/ other decorated areas
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6
Q

Pediment

A
  • triangular upper part of the front of a building in classical style, typically on top of portico of columns
  • the triangular area over a porch
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7
Q

Capital

A
  • topmost member of column and mediates between column and the roof by broadening the area
  • a sculpted block that forms the uppermost part of a column
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8
Q

Base

A
  • not included in Doric order

- structure between column and the stylobate/ platform to distribute weight of column/ roof better

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9
Q

Triglyph

A
  • a tablet in a Doric frieze w/ three vertical grooves
  • alternate with metopes
  • the element of a Doric frieze separating two consecutive metopes and divided by grooves into three sections
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10
Q

Metope

A
  • a square panel between triglyphs on a Doric frieze
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11
Q

Frieze

A
  • decorative band of alternating triglyphs and metopes above architrave of building in Doric order
  • horizontal band of sculpted or painted decoration, especially on wall near the ceiling
  • part of entablature between architrave and cornice
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12
Q

Fluting

A
  • shallow grooves running vertically along surface, typically running on a column shaft or pilaster
  • vertical channels in a column shaft
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13
Q

Entasis

A
  • slight convex curve in shaft of column
  • created to correct visual illusion of concavity produced by straight shafts
  • a swelling of the shaft of a column
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14
Q

Naos

A
  • inner room or sanctuary of ancient Greek temple, where statue of god stood
  • the principal interior space of a Greek building, especially a temple; also called a cella
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15
Q

Ionic Order Proportions - Column Features

A
  • 24 flutes
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16
Q

Ionic Order Proportions - Entablature

A
  • 1/4 of column height (1:4)
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17
Q

Corinthian Order Proportions - Column Proportions

A
  • total column height is proportional to column shaft height, 6:5
  • column height to width, 10:1
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18
Q

Corinthian Order Proportions - Architrave

A
  • architrave height to frieze height, 1:1
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19
Q

Corinthian Order Proportions - Architrave

A
  • architrave height to frieze height, 1:1
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20
Q

Agora

A
  • public open space used for assemblies and markets

-

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21
Q

Agora

A
  • open placed used for congregating or as a market
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22
Q

Stoa

A
  • principal architectural feature of the agora

- a long, open arcade, supported by colonnades

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23
Q

Colonnade

A
  • rows of columns
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24
Q

Caryatid

A
  • a female figure that serves as a column
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25
Q

Democracy

A
  • rule by the people

- “administration favors the many instead of the few” - Pericles

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26
Q

Oligarchy

A
  • a small group of people have control of a country, organization, or institution
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27
Q

Metics

A
  • a foreigner living in an ancient Greek city who had some of the privileges of citizenship
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28
Q

Skepticism

A
  • examination, inquiry, consideration

- Greek philosophy

29
Q

Sophism

A
  • sophist: literally, “wise man”; an ancient Greek teacher or philosopher who was committed to humanism and primarily concerned with understanding the nature of human “knowing” itself
30
Q

Relativism

A
  • the doctrine that knowledge, truth, and morality exist in relation to culture, society, or historical context, and are not absolute
31
Q

Rhetoric

A
  • the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing, especially the use of figures of speech and other compositional techniques
  • rhetorician: a write or orator
32
Q

Dialectical Method

A
  • a discourse between two or more people holding different points of view about a subject but wishing to establish the truth through reasoned arguments
  • dialectic: an evolutionary process in which the prevailing set of ideas, called the “thesis,” finds itself opposed by a conflicting set of ideas, the “antithesis.” This conflict resolves itself in a “synthesis,” which inevitably establishes itself as a new thesis
33
Q

Inductive Reasoning

A
  • a type of reasoning that moves from specific instance to general principles and from particular truths to universal ones
  • a process in which, through the direct and careful observation of natural phenomena, one can draw general conclusions from particular examples and predict the operations of nature a s whole
34
Q

Idealism

A
  • the eternal perfection of pure ideas untainted by material reality
35
Q

Allegory

A
  • the representation of abstract or spiritual meanings through concrete or material forms
36
Q

Symposium

A
  • in ancient Greece, a gathering of men initially for the purpose of sharing poetry, food, and wine
37
Q

Empirical Investigation

A
  • empirical method: a manner of inquiry that combines inductive reasoning and scientific experimental
38
Q

Empirical Investigation

A
  • refers to research conducted, and conclusion reached, by means of observation and documentation
  • empirical method: a manner of inquiry that combines inductive reasoning and scientific experimental
39
Q

Syllogism

A
  • a type of deductive reasoning consisting of two premises from which a conclusion can be drawn
40
Q

Tragedy

A
  • a type of drama whose basis is conflict; it often explores the physical and moral depths to which human life can descend
41
Q

Comedy

A
  • an amusing or lighthearted play designed to evoke laughter in an audience
42
Q

Satyr Play

A
  • a comic play that was one of the three major forms of Greek drama
43
Q

Catharsis

A
  • cleansing, purification, or purgation of the soul
44
Q

Hubris

A
  • exaggerated pride and self-confidence
45
Q

Tragic Flaw

A
  • can be defined as a trait in a character leading to his downfall and the character is often the hero of the literacy piece
46
Q

Deus ex machina

A
  • “god of the machine” an unexpected power or event saving a seemingly hopeless situation, especially as a contrived plot device in a play or novel
47
Q

Contraposto or Contrapposto

A
  • Italian for “counterpoise”; a term used to describe the weight-shift stance developed by the ancient Greeks in which the sculpted figure seems to twist around its axis as a result of balancing the body over one supporting leg
48
Q

Idealization

A
  • the eternal perfection of pure ideas untainted by material reality
  • the process by which scientific models assume facts about the phenomenon being modeled that are strictly false but make models easier to understand and solve
49
Q

Chryselephantine

A
  • (of ancient Greek sculpture) overlaid with gold and ivory
50
Q

Chryselephantine

A
  • (of ancient Greek sculpture) overlaid with gold and ivory
51
Q

Centauromachy

A
  • battle between the Lapiths and Centaurs at the wedding of the King Pirithous of the Lapiths a friend of mythological Athenian King Theseus
  • centaurs attacked and tried to steal Lapith women - centaurs portrayed more animalistic
  • pictured on the south metope of the Parthenon
52
Q

Classical Hellenistic

A
  • a period of Greek history that begins with the death of Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE) and extends to the Roman defeat of Cleopatra in Egypt in 30 BCE
53
Q

Classical Hellenistic

A
  • a period of Greek history that begins with the death of Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE) and extends to the Roman defeat of Cleopatra in Egypt in 30 BCE
54
Q

Themistocles

A
  • Athenian politician and general
  • one of the new non-aristocratic politicians from early years of Athenian democracy
  • populist - supported by lower class and at odds with nobility
  • elected archon and convinced polis to increase Athen’s naval power (recurring theme)
  • fought at Battle of Marathon during first Persian invasion of Greece and could have been 1 of 10 Athenian generals (strategoi)
  • continued to advocate navy/ growth = became crucial in Persian conflict
  • commanded Greek allied navy in second invasion at battles of Artemisium and Salamis and took part in leading Persians to Straits of Salamis for victorious turning point
  • after war made Spartans angry by having Athens re-fortified
  • his arrogance -> exiled in Argos and ran from Sparta’s anger to Asia Minor
55
Q

Pericles

A
  • prominent and influent Greet statesman, orator, general of Athens during Golden Age (between Persian and Peloponnesian wars)
  • from powerful and historically influential family
  • “first citizen of Athens”
  • changed Delian league into Athenian empire
  • led countrymen during first two years of Peloponnesian War known as “Age of Pericles”
  • promoted arts and literature -> Athens having reputation for being educational and cultural center of Greek world
  • started many of architectural projects in Acropolis including Parthenon which beautified and protected city, displayed glory, and provided work
  • fostered Athenian democracy to point people call him a populist
56
Q

Aspasia

A
  • influential immigrant to Classical-era Athens
  • lover and partner of statesman Pericles (marital status unknown)
  • her house was a center for prominent writers and thinkers such as Socrates
  • little is known about her life or the lifes’ of Athenian women
57
Q

Hippocrates

A
  • Greek physician of Age of Pericles
  • one of most outstanding figures in medicine history
  • “Father of Modern Medicine”
  • founded Hippocratic School of medicine which revolutionized Greek medicine (more than traditional theurgy and philosophy)
  • most of knowledge of him from writers of Corpus, those who practiced his medicine, very little on his actual thoughts, writings, and actions
  • portrayed as paragon of ancient physicians
  • credited with coining Hippocratic Oath (used PD)
  • credited with advancing systemic study of clinical medicine, compiling knowledge and prescribing practices through his works
58
Q

Darius

A
  • ruled at peak of Persian empire, far reaching than just present day borders (3rd ruler)
  • overthrew previous ruler with help of 6 other Persian noble families
  • met and quelled multiple rebellions
  • had expedition to punish Athens and Eretria for helping in Ionian Revolt, and subjugate Greece -> failed at Battle of marathon, but succeeded in re-subjugation of Thrace, expanded empire
  • organized empire into provinces governed by satraps, uniform monetary system, Aramaic official language, replaced roads, introduced standard weights and measures, construction projects
  • Persian Achaemenid Empire = Darius reigned largest fraction of world’s pop. of any empire in history (44%)
59
Q

Xerxes

A
  • 4th king of kings of Achaemenid dynasty of Persia
  • ruled until his assassination by Artabanus (commander of royal bodyguard)
  • ruled empire at territorial apex
  • briefly conquered more land in mainland Greece with battles at Thermopylae and Artemisium, etc. until his losses at Salamis and Plataea reversed tied and eventually end in him to losing second invasion
60
Q

Pythagoras

A
  • Ionian Greek philosopher, mathematician, putative founder of Pythagoreanism movement
  • most information written long after his life
  • most influential contributions to philosophy and religion during late 6th century BC
  • often seen as great mathematician and scientist best known for Pythagorean theorem
  • his philosophy related to mathematics and numbers
  • first man to call himself a philosopher, lover of wisdom
  • had influence on Plato -> Western philosophy
61
Q

Heraclitus

A
  • pre-Socratic Greek philosopher
  • native of city Ephesus, then part of Persian Empire
  • distinguished parentage
  • claimed to be self-taught, pioneer of wisdom
  • focused on needless unconsciousness of humankind “The Obscure” and “Weeping Philosopher”
  • Insistent that ever-present change was the fundamental essence of universe
  • “No man ever steps is the same river twice”
  • unity of opposites in the world, “the path up and down are one and the same”
  • characterized all existing entities by pairs of contrary properties -> no entity may occupy single state at single time -> “all entities come to be in accordance with this Logos” (reason)
62
Q

Protagoras

A
  • pre-Socratic Greek philosopher
  • numbered one of sophists by Plato, credited with invention of role of professional sophist
  • created major controversy by saying “Man is the measure of all things” - no absolute truth, but that which individual deem to be truth (revolutionary - previous belief that universe based on something objective, outside human influence/ perception)
63
Q

Aristophanes

A
  • comic playwright of ancient Athens
  • 11/40 plays survive complete = only real examples of comic drama known as Old Comedy (define it)
  • Father of Comedy, Prince of Ancient Comedy
  • recreated life of ancient Athens more convincingly than anyone else
  • his ability to ridicule was feared/ acknowledge by contemporaries (Plato - called Aristophanes out on slander leading to his condemnation to death)
  • his second play also accused of slander by demagogue Cleon
  • continued to caricature Cleon
  • claimed his job was “hardest job of all”
64
Q

Aeschylus

A
  • ancient Greek tragedian
  • his work along with Sophocles and Euripides = only Classical Greek literature to survive
  • father of tragedy
  • expanded # of characters in theater to allow conflict among them (before only interacted with chorus)
  • 7/70-90 plays survived - debate of writer
  • likely first dramatist to present play in trilogy
  • one of his works focused on Persians’ second invasion of Greece = only tragedy concerned with contemporary events + info. on period
  • epitaph only talks about his participation in Greek victory at marathon w/o mentioning plays
65
Q

Sophocles

A
  • one of three ancient Greek tragedians w/ surviving plays
  • time-wise between Aeschylus and Euripides (contemporary)
  • wrote 120, 7 survived
  • most celebrated playwright in dramatic competitions of city-state of Athens for 50 years
  • influenced development of drama
    • added a third actor
    • reduced importance of chorus in presentation of plot
    • greater character development than other playwrights like Aeschylus
66
Q

Alexander the Great

A
  • king of Ancient Greek kingdom of Macedon, member of Argead dynasty
  • succeeded father Philip II at age 20
  • spent majority of his rule militarily through Asia and NE Africa
  • by age 30 created one of largest empires of ancient world (Greece -> NW India) undefeated
  • tutored by Aristotle as a youth
  • first campaign was successfully defeating Persia
  • continued campaign until men got homesick
  • died in Babylon
67
Q

Ptolemy I

A
  • Macedonian general under Alexander the Great
  • 1 of 3 Diadochi who succeeded Alexander
  • became rule of Egypt turning into Hellenistic kingdom and Alexandria a center of Greek culture
  • assimilated some aspects of Egyptian culture like taking title pharaoh (situationally)
  • claimed descent from Heracles (like all Macedonian nobles, mythical founder of Argead dynasty that ruled Macedon)
68
Q

Attalus I

A
  • ruled Pergamon, an Ionian Greek polis, first as dynast than king (first of Attalid dynasty to take title king)
  • won important victory of Galatians (plundering/ exacting tribute) -> triumphal monument of Pergamon (famous for Dying Gaul)
  • conducted numerous naval operations
  • a protector of the Greek cities of Anatolia, saw himself as champion of Greeks against barbarians

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