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IHUM 201 > Exam 1: Ancient Cultures > Flashcards

Exam 1: Ancient Cultures Flashcards

1
Q

Agency

A

Idea that by creating an image of something, you can gain some control over it. (Example: cave paintings of hunts)

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2
Q

Ritual

A

ceremony of possible religious importance (EX: in prehistoric culture, caves were sometimes viewed as passages into the underworld. These were the places of rituals connected to such a passage).

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3
Q

Archaeoastronomy

A

The study of how people in the past “have understood the phenomena in the sky, how they used these phenomena and what role the sky played in their cultures.” Ex. Stonehenge (giant calendar to predict solstices)

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4
Q

Ziggurat

A

Ziggurat: huge structure where gods were believed to dwell (shows a society where they control the people and do work—comes from Mesopotamian word for mountain) Ex. Ziggurat of Ur

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5
Q

Stele

A

a free standing stone, usually a monument Ex. Stele of Hammurabi (Babylon)

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6
Q

Relief

A

A three-dimensional work of art carved out of a flat background surface. Ex. Exile of the Israelites (from a palace in Assyria)

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7
Q

Epic

A

long narrative poem in elevated language, follows important characters in adventures which usually entail a visit to the world of the dead Ex. The Epic of Gilgamesh

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8
Q

Epithet

A

word or phrase that characterizes a person (Ex: Good King or Cunning Hero)

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9
Q

Hieratic Scale

A

More important individuals are portrayed as taller, larger than life. The tallest person in a work of art is the most important. Ex. The “Royal Standard of Ur” where king is larger than everyone else

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10
Q

Sphinx

A

Body of a lion, head of a man. Supposed to be a representation of the pharaoh Khafre. Largest statue made in the ancient world (defiled by a Muslim holy man… not Napoleon…) Ex. The Egyptian Sphinx

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11
Q

Polytheism

A

religious worship of more than one god Ex. the Greeks

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12
Q

Cult Statue

A

figure to be worshipped, big

Ex. Head of the goddess Inanna

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13
Q

Votive Statue

A

smaller statues of worshippers Ex. Eannatum

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14
Q

Pediment

A

the triangular structure under the roof Ex. on the Parthenon

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15
Q

Frieze

A

band of art (painted or sculpted) on wall or near ceiling

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16
Q

Naos

A

rare, classical temple. A central room in every temple, it is where the cult statue will be placed. (We do not need to know these)

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17
Q

Agora

A

central spot of action in Greek life and city states. A public meeting place, marketplace, and civic center

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18
Q

Acropolis

A

city center, hill for political discussion. Literally “Top of the City” the natural citadel of a Greek city that served as a fortification or religious center.

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19
Q

Symposium

A

gathering of men, initially for the purpose of sharing poetry, food, and wine

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20
Q

Invocation to the Muse

A

begins every epic, comparable to a prayer. The muses are goddesses of the arts. Help in telling the story and to tell it well. Ex: Odyssey- they invoke the muse, Memory, as they begin their story in medias res.

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21
Q

in medias res

A

a term meaning a story or epic starts in the middle of the story, not the beginning

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22
Q

Canon of Proportions

A

art with proportions based on a unit, such as a body part Ex. Mycerinus sculpture–one clenched fist is one “unit”

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23
Q

Protogeometric Pottery

A

Swirls, bands, simple designs and colors

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24
Q

Geometric Pottery

A

Lots of angled designs, busy with many registers, highly schematic human figures
Ex. Dipylon amphora → very large pot with open base. Painted with a depiction of a funeral of a woman.

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25
Q

Corinthian Pottery

A

Cream/buff background, black/red/purple and white colors, lots of animals and flowers, very busy patterns

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26
Q

Black Figure Pottery

A

Glossy black figures on red background, positive space painted, body type lean and long, minimal background in main registers.
Ex. Panathenaic games (The black dudes running), painter was Euphiletos

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27
Q

Red Figure Pottery

A

Negative space painted black, body type more naturally modeled
Key artists → Euxitheos and Euphronios

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28
Q

Megalth

A

“big stone” usually rough, used in monument or structure

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29
Q

Menhir

A

large, single upright stone, can be seen in groups or in isolation

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30
Q

Corbeling

A

creating walls/roofs by layering stones so they project inward over layer beneath

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31
Q

Post and Lintel

A

construction form of two upright members that support a horizontal member

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32
Q

Henge

A

Circular group of menhirs (Example: the famous Stonehenge)

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33
Q

Gods and Goddess - Ancient Mesopotamia

A

?

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34
Q

Re/ Rah

A

The creator, god of the sun (Re, a drop of golden sun)

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35
Q

Sobek

A

Crocodile God

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36
Q

Khnum

A

god of pottery

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37
Q

Osiris

A

god of the sun

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38
Q

Seth

A

god of storms/ confusion

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39
Q

Aten

A

provides for the people, creator of life

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40
Q

Isis

A

Goddess of magic, marriage, healing and protection

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41
Q

Gods and Goddesses - Greece

A
  • Gaia: The earth (Mother of the Titans)
  • Ouranos: The sky (Father of the Titans)
  • Kronos: Titan, father of Zeus
  • Zeus: Creator of mankind, lightning god
  • Hera: Goddess of marriage, queen of heaven/gods, Zeus’ wife
  • Muses: storytellers, goddesses of the arts, 9 daughters of Zeus invocation
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42
Q

Gaia

A

The earth (Mother of the Titans)

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43
Q

Ouranos

A

The sky (Father of the Titans)

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44
Q

Kronos

A

Titan, father of Zeus

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45
Q

Zeus

A

Creator of mankind, lightning god

46
Q

Hera

A

Goddess of marriage, queen of heaven/gods, Zeus’ wife

47
Q

Muses

A

storytellers, goddesses of the arts, 9 daughters of Zeus invocation

48
Q

Muses

A

storytellers, goddesses of the arts, 9 daughters of Zeus invocation

49
Q

Gods and Goddesses - Babylon/ Mesopotamia

A
  • Marduk: Main god, convinced other gods to create Babylon
  • Ea: God of wisdom and magic, created the human race
  • Apsu: “Grandfather”, fresh water
  • Tiamat: “the mother” of all the gods, salt water
  • Qingu/Kingu: rebelled against Ea, was sacrificed and his blood was used to make mankind.
  • Ishtar: Goddess of love and war, tried to seduce Gilgamesh, released the bull of heaven
50
Q

Marduk

A

Main god, convinced other gods to create Babylon

51
Q

Ea

A

God of wisdom and magic, created the human race

52
Q

Apsu

A

“Grandfather”, fresh water

53
Q

Tiamat

A

“the mother” of all the gods, salt water

54
Q

Qingu/ Kingu

A

rebelled against Ea, was sacrificed and his blood was used to make mankind.

55
Q

Ishtar

A

Goddess of love and war, tried to seduce Gilgamesh, released the bull of heaven

56
Q

Mesopotamian Rulers

A
  • Hammurabi

- Naram-Sin

57
Q

Hammurabi

A

Babylonian king. Had a massive Stele. On this stele, there is a long list of rules, (known as the Code of Hammurabi) kind of similar to the ten commandments. These rules were pretty extreme in fashion. Rules dictated societal life and provided protections for both men and women. In “the stele of hammurabi” Shamash the sun god, gives hammurabi the code.

58
Q

Naram-Sin

A

grandson of Sargon of Akkad, has a victory stele as he ruled at the empire’s height

59
Q

Egyptian Rulers - Pharaohs

A
  • Narmer
  • Khafre
  • Mycerinus
  • Tutankhamen
  • Akhenaten (Nefertiti)
60
Q

Narmer

A

united upper and lower kingdom (palette of Narmer)

61
Q

Khafre

A

has pyramid that is the second largest/tallest; he is the sphinx shown below with its nose blown off (also has a statue at valley temple of Giza - idealized anatomy0

62
Q

Mycerinus

A

son of Khafre in famous sculpture

63
Q

Tutankhamen

A

Akhenaten’s successor (King Tut)

64
Q

Akhenaten (Nefertiti)

A

Tried to bring monotheistic Aten worship

65
Q

Heinrich Schliemann

A

found Mycenae, discovered troy

66
Q

Works - Prehistoric

A
  • The Cave of the Bulls (Lascaux (France))
  • Catal Huyuk (Turkey)
  • Skara Brae (Scotland)
  • Stonehenge (England)
67
Q

Work - Mesopotamia

A
  • Epic of Gilgamesh (Uruk)
  • Standard of Ur
  • Votice Statue of Eannatum
  • Head of Akkadian Ruler: lost wax casting
  • Victory Stele of Naram - Sin, Susa
  • Ziggurat at Ur - Neo-Summerian
  • Stele of Hammurabi, Susa : Babylon, God is passing the code to Hammurabi, one sitting down is more important (bc if he stands, he’ll be taller)
  • Enuma Elish - Babylonian Creation Epic
68
Q

The Steps of Lost Wax Casting (Mesopotamia)

A
  1. Make the wax figure
  2. Put clay around the figure
  3. Melt out the wax
  4. Heat up the bronze
  5. Pour in the bronze
  6. Break off the clay
69
Q

Epic of Gilgamesh

A
  • Uruk
70
Q

Head of Akkadian Ruler

A
  • Nineveh

- lost wax casting

71
Q

Victory Stele of Naram-Sin

A
  • Susa
72
Q

Ziggurat at Ur

A
  • Neo-Sumerian
73
Q

Stele of Hammurabi

A
  • Susa
  • Babylon
  • God is passing the code to Hammurabi, one sitting down is more important (b/c if he stands, he’ll be taller)
74
Q

Enuma Elish

A
  • Babylonian Creation Epic
75
Q

Works - Egyptian

A
  • Palette of Narmer
  • Great Sphinx and pyramids, Giza
  • Khafre: dude on the sphinx, and second largest pyramid
  • Mycerinus and Khamerernebti
  • Seated Scribe from Sakkara
  • Tomb of Nebamun:fragments: composite views, see someone in profile, but torso is straight on, and the arms and heads profile-more lower class you are (look more normal)
  • Nefertiti Bust
  • Relief of Akhenaten and Nefertiti
  • Akhenaten’s Hymn to the Aten
  • Death Mask of Tutankhamen
76
Q

Tomb of Nebamun

A

fragments: composite views, see someone in profile, but torso is straight on, and the arms and heads profile-more lower class you are (look more normal)

77
Q

Works - Ancient Aegean

A

Cycladic figure- found in graves, just about featureless, longer faces and noses, mostly women

78
Q

Works - Minoan (Crete)

A
  • Palace of Minos at Knossos- myth: builds labyrinth in palace to hide minotaur, had plumbing, skylights (or light wells)
  • Snake ‘goddess’- two snakes (sacred animals) and has a cat on her head
  • Bull fresco- sacred animals, in fresco women are “white”, men are “dark reddish brown”
79
Q

Palace of Minos at Knossos

A

myth: builds labyrinth in palace to hide minotaur, had plumbing, skylights (or light wells)

80
Q

Snake ‘Goddess’

A

two snakes (sacred animals) and has a cat on her head

81
Q

Bull Fresco

A

sacred animals, in fresco women are “white”, men are “dark reddish brown”

82
Q

Works - Mycenean

A
  • Funerary Mask- mask of “Atreus”, “Agamemnon” (we’re not exactly sure), treasure from “Treasury of Atreus”
  • Citadel- fortified, stones cut to place together (like tetris)
  • Beehive tomb (tholos) “Treasury of Atreus” tomb for royalty, corbeled vaults
83
Q

Funerary Mask

A

mask of “Atreus”, “Agamemnon” (we’re not exactly sure), treasure from “Treasury of Atreus”

84
Q

Citadel

A

fortified, stones cut to place together (like tetris)

85
Q

Beehive Tomb (tholos)

A

“Treasury of Atreus” tomb for royalty, corbeled vaults

86
Q

Works - Archaic Greek

A
  • Homer, The Odyssey and The Iliad
  • Hesiod, Theogony and Words and Days
  • Thales
  • Empedocles
  • Anaxagoras
  • Protogeometric neck Dipylon Vase (geometric)
  • Euphiletos painter, Panathenaic games black figure ware amphora
  • Priam painter, women at fountain house hydria
  • Euxitheos and Euphronius, Sarpedon krater
  • New York Kouros
  • Anavysos Kouros
  • Peplos Kore
  • Acropolis Kore
87
Q

Homer

A

The Odyssey and The Iliad

88
Q

Hesoid

A

Theogony and Works and Days

89
Q

Thales

A

1st Philosopher, Father of western philosophy - 1st to suggest that everything was made out of one common substance

90
Q

Empedocles

A

Greek Philosopher; originated cosmogenic theory of the four classical elements and believed that the world works by combinations of love and strife that separate and combine these elements

91
Q

Anaxagoras

A

Greek Philosopher; brought philosophy to Athens - suggested that one underlying intelligence controlled the universe, which is in a constant state of separation and mixture

92
Q

Geometric neck Dipylon Vase

A

lots of angles now, people designed onto it, used to pour in sacrifices for the dead

93
Q

Protogeometric

A

has swirls, zigzags, and bands on it. Plain and simple

94
Q

Euphiletos painter, Panathenaic games black figure ware amphora

A

black figures on red background

95
Q

Corinthian Ware

A

cream color, white, usually have animals or flower designs

96
Q

Priam painter, women at fountain house hydria

A

look at picture

97
Q

Euxitheos and Euphronius, Sarpedon krater, Red Figure Ware

A
  • red figures on black background

- this vase depicts scene from the Illiad

98
Q

New York Kouros

A
  • Men
99
Q

Anavysos Kouros

A
  • Buffer Man
100
Q

Peplos Kore

A
  • Women
101
Q

Acropolis Kore

A
  • Fine Women
102
Q

Zeus

A

God of the Sky

103
Q

Poseidon

A

God of the Sea

104
Q

Hades

A

God of the Dead

105
Q

Hera

A

Goddess of Marriage

106
Q

Athena

A

Goddess of Wisdom

107
Q

Aphrodite

A

Goddess of Love

108
Q

Apollo

A

God of music and healing (also known for archery skills)

109
Q

Demeter

A

Goddess of the harvest

110
Q

Hestia

A

Goddess of the hearth

111
Q

Artemis

A

Goddess of the hunt, protector of women at childbirth

112
Q

Ares

A

God of war

IHUM 201 (17 decks)

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