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OB > Exam 2: Fetal & Placental Development > Flashcards

Exam 2: Fetal & Placental Development Flashcards

1
Q

conception

A

the fertilization of the
female ovum by the male sperm

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2
Q

Fertilization

A

-when a sperm enters the ovum and their nuclei unite.
-Usually occurs in the outer
third of the fallopian tube. Takes 3 days for the zygote to reach the uterine cavity.

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3
Q

Implantation

A

-when the embryo buries itself in the upper segment of the uterine lining.

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4
Q

Pregnancy

A

referred to as gestation and lasts approximately 280 days (40 weeks)

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5
Q

Periods of Fetal Development

A

-Pre-embryonic
-embryonic
-Fetal

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6
Q

Pre-embryonic Period

A

Fertilization through the first two weeks. Period of the zygote.

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7
Q

Embryonic Period

A

third through eighth
week.
-Highly vulnerable to teratogens, viruses, drugs, radiation, or infections.
-End of 8th week, all organ systems and external structures are present and
unmistakably human

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8
Q

Fetal period

A

-Eighth week through the
fortieth week or birth. Viability now possible at 23-24 weeks after conception.

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9
Q

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

A

1) Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
(hCG): Stimulates corpus luteum to produce progesterone and estrogen
until the placenta assumes that function

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10
Q

estrogen

A

2) Estrogen: Produced by the ovaries during menstrual cycle. Placenta assumes production after the 6th or 7th week. Increases vascularity

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11
Q

Progesterone

A

3) Progesterone: Produced by the corpus luteum and then the placenta.
Most important pregnancy hormone as
it maintains the endometrium and
prevents abortion. Relaxes smooth muscle and maintains the pregnancy

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12
Q

Human Placental Lactogen

A

4) Human Placental Lactogen
(hPL): Increases availability of glucose for the fetus. Levels
increase steadily during
pregnancy

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13
Q

Relaxin

A

Inhibits uterine
activity, softens connective
tissue, relaxes pelvic joints

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14
Q

Ovulation

A

-Single mature egg
releases from ovary
and travels down the
fallopian tube for 3
days
-Oocyte remains viable
for 24 hours

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15
Q

Male Reproductive System

A

-300 million sperm released in each ejaculate
-Goal is to reach oocyte
-8-10 hours to reach egg
-Last up to 48 hours

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16
Q

Fertilization

A

Spermatozoa travel to
the ampulia of the
fallopian tube where
fertilization takes
place.

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17
Q

Where does fertilization take place?

A

Fallopian Tube

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18
Q

Zygote

A

-Contains all DNA
needed
-½ from the egg and ½
from the sperm
-Travels down fallopian
tube and divides

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19
Q

Blastocyst

A

-Zygote creates inner
group of cells with
outer shell
-Reaches the uterus
around day 5
-Implants on day 6

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20
Q

Placenta

A

-Continuous process
-Begins at fertilization
-Outer layer of
blastocyst becomes
placenta and fetal
membranes

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21
Q

Placenta

A

-Means of metabolic exchange
-Filters some harmful substances from reaching fetus
-Covers about half uterine surface
-Function depends on maternal blood pressure

22
Q

Functions of the Placenta

A

-Respiration
-Nutrition
-Excretion
-Storage
-Provides hormones to sustain pregnancy
-Transfers immunity

23
Q

Shiny Schultz

A

Placental Fetal Side

24
Q

Dirty Duncan

A

Maternal Side of placenta

25
Q

Implantation

A

-Trophoblast (outer layer of blastocyst) buries into uterine lining about day 6
-Embryo rapidly grows
-Differentiation occurs
-Most susceptible to damage in first 3-5 weeks

26
Q

Fetal Membranes

A
  1. Amnion
  2. Chorion
27
Q

Chorion

A

-Outermost membrane, closest to
uterine lining
-Contains the major umbilical
blood vessels
-Chorionic villi infiltrate maternal
tissues and become the fetal side
of the placenta.

28
Q

Amnion

A

-Inner membrane
-Embryo draws amnion around
itself forming a fluid filled sac
-Later adheres to the chorion
*Chorioamnionitis: refers to the
infection of both of these
membranes.

29
Q

Umbilical Cord

A

3 vessels: 1 vein & 2 arteries
-if cord is too short or too long it can cause problems.

30
Q

Wharton’s Jelly

A

prevents compression of the blood vessels.

31
Q

Amniotic Fluid

A

-Full term: approximately 800-1200
mL fluid
-Oligohydramnios: less than 300 mL
of amniotic fluid. Can be related to
problem with fetal renal development

-Polyhydramnios/Hydramnios: more
than 2,000 mL of amniotic fluid. Can
be related to problem with fetal GI
development

32
Q

Component of Amniotic Fluid

A

Albumin
-Urea
-Uric acid
-Creatinine
-Lechithin
-Sphingomyelin
*Determines fetal lung maturity
-Bilirubin
-Fat
-Fructose
-Leukocytes
-Proteins
-Enzymes
-Lanugo hairs

33
Q

Functions of amniotic Fluid

A

Cushions fetus; umbilical cord
-Allows freedom of movement for
musculo-skeletal development
-Keeps baby from tangling with
membranes
-Helps maintain body
temperature
-Source of oral fluid and waste
repository

34
Q

Amniotic Fluid

A

Amniotic Fluid Index
Normal: 5-15

35
Q

Week 4

A

-3/16 “
-All systems present
-Heart has 2 chambers
-Heart begins to beat
-Blood vessel and cell Formation begin
-CV system-1st organ
system to function

36
Q

Week 5

A

-Heart develops into a
four chambered organ
-Brain areas delineated
-Kidneys forming
-Risk for anomalies highest to this point
-Bronchi and first phase
of lung development

37
Q

Week 6

A

-Eyes and ears
-Urethra patent
-Liver and spleen produce RBC’s

38
Q

Week 7

A

-Fetal movement
begins
-Facial features
-External genitalia
appear
-Intestines forming
in umbilical cord

39
Q

Week 8

A

-7/8 “
-Body formed
-All organs and structures laid down
-Head disproportionately large, liver large
-First indication of bone ossification
-Embryonic stage ends (most
critical time in development)
-Fetal stage starts- no longer
an embryo

40
Q

2nd month

A

Limbs begin to
form and a tiny
heart begins to beat

41
Q

Week 12

A

3 “ long and 1.5 oz
-Sense of smell and taste
-Eyes fused
-Lungs begin “practice breathing”
-Alveolar ducts begin developing
-Can hear heartbeat with doppler
-Fingers and toes well defined
-Nails appear
-Intestines move into abdomen
-Kidneys begin to form urine
-Fetus sucks and swallows
-Gender becomes apparent
-Fetus can respond to stimuli

42
Q

Week 16

A

-8 ½ “ and 6 oz
-Lanugo covers body
-Eyebrows and eyelashes
-Can suck thumb
-Meconium develops
-Stems cells develop
-sex is evident

43
Q

Week 20

A

-12 “ and ½-1 pound
-Vernix forms
-Hair on head
-Skin wrinkled and red
-Ovaries contain eggs
-Fetal movement felt by mother (16-20 weeks)
-Placenta is fully developed

44
Q

Week 24

A

-Fetus becomes viable: although some babies have survived as early as
22 weeks
-14 “ and 1-1/2 pounds
-Hears, reacts to sound
-Eyes respond to light
-Begins to deposit fat
-Alveolar sacs develop

45
Q

Week 28

A

-16 “ and 2 ½-3 pounds
-Skin is still thin and red
-Second brain growth spurt
-Eyelids open
-Able to see
-Lecithin forming in alveolar surface

46
Q

Week 32

A

-18” and 3 ½ - 4 pounds
-Nails extend to ends of fingers
-Lanugo disappears from face
-Lays down white fat
-Begins to store calcium, iron and glucose
-Antibodies cross placenta from mother

47
Q

Week 36

A

-Skin pink
-LS/PG ratio 2:1
-Lung development almost
complete

48
Q

Week 40

A

-Muscle tone developed
-Brain myelination of brain beginning
-Labia majora well developed
-Testes and scrotum well
developed
-Patterned sleep-wake cycle
-Suck-swallow-breathe developed

49
Q

Teratogens

A

Greatest effect on the organs and parts of an embryo during its periods of rapid growth and differentiation, days 15-60.

50
Q

Types of teratogens

A
  • Drugs
  • Chemicals
  • Infections
  • Radiation
51
Q

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

A

severely affect mental development throughout gestation.

OB (7 decks)

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