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PTH 509 Pharm > Exam 2 - Drugs > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Albuterol

A
  • Bronchodilators
    • relaxes smooth muscle
    • most widely prescribed and most effective agents for treatment of bronchoconstriction
  • Beta 2-adrenergic agonists

** people with asthma should not take beta (2?) blockers!

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2
Q

Prednisone

A
  • Anti-inflammatory agent
  • Glucocorticoid
  • inhibits production of inflammatory mediators
  • reduces smooth muscle hyper-reactivity and decreases constriction
  • inhaled steroids are most effective and prescribed most for inflammation

***drug of choice in newly diagnosed asthma

  • Treatment of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
    • drug of choice for acute attacks
    • inhibits inflam mediators
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3
Q

Olsalazine

A
  • Treatment of IBD
    • drug of choice for reoccuring IBD
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4
Q

Montelukast

A
  • (singulair)
  • Anti-inflammatory agent
    • leukotrience receptor antagonist
    • Decreased inflammation and bronchoconstriction
    • aspirin-induced asthma
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5
Q

Zafirlukast

A
  • (accolate)
  • Anti-inflammatory agent
  • leukotrience receptor antagonist
  • Decreased inflammation and bronchoconstriction
  • aspirin-induced asthma
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6
Q

Omeprazole

A
  • (Prilosec)
  • treatment of excess acid
  • K+/H+ ATPase inhibitors
    • GERD
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7
Q

Lansoprazole

A
  • (prevacid)
  • treatment of excess acid
  • K+/H+ ATPase inhibitors
    • GERD
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8
Q

Bismuth subsalicylate

A
  • (Pepto bismol)
  • Treatment of excess acid
  • Bismuth compounds + antibiotics
    • forms protective barrier (good drug!)
    • H. pylori
  • also treats diarrhea
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9
Q

Cimetidine

A
  • (tagamet)
  • treatment of excess acid
  • Histamine (H2) receptor antagonists
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10
Q

Ranitidine

A
  • (Zantac)
  • Treatment of excess acid
  • Histamine (H2) receptor antagonist
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11
Q

Famotidine

A
  • (Pepcid)
  • Treatment of excess acid
  • Histamine (H2) receptor antagonist
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12
Q

Dimenhydrinate

A
  • (dramamine)
  • anti-emetic (vomiting)
  • for motion sickness
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13
Q

Misoprostol

A
  • (cytotec)
  • Prostaglandin agonist
  • helps prevent ulcers in patients on NSAIDs (combats aspirin anti-prostaglandin stuff)
  • side effect
    • stimulates abortion
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14
Q

Mg/Al hydroxide (Maalox)

A
  • Al hydroxide = constipation
  • Mg hydroxide = laxative

*** Maalox = both. Best drug for antacid!

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15
Q

Loperamide

A
  • Treatment of diarrhea
  • BEST OTC choice
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16
Q

Lorazepam

A
  • Used for stage fright-induced or anticipatory vomiting
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17
Q

Mg hydroxide

A
  • (Milk of magnesia)
  • Treats constipation (laxative)
  • MOA
    • water and electrolyte retaining cathartic (laxitive)
    • may produce dehydration
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18
Q

Captopril

A
  • ACE inhibitor
    • reduces risk of cardio mortality caused by hypertension
    • adverse effects = first-dose hypotension and cough
  • used for
    • Heart failure and hypertension
    • MI
    • _Diabetic nephropathy _
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19
Q

Lisinopril

A
  • ACE inhibitor
    • reduces risk of cardio mortality caused by hypertension
    • adverse effects = first-does hypotension and cough
  • used for
    • hypertension and heart failure
    • MI
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20
Q

Losartan

A
  • Ang II receptor blocker (ARBs)
    • blocks action of Ang II
      • dilation of arterioles and veins
      • decreases aldosterone
  • Uses
    • diabetic nephropathy

***ARBs end in “SARTAN”

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21
Q

Eplerenone

A
  • Selective aldosterone receptor blocker
  • uses
    • only for hypertension
    • excretion of sodium and water
    • adverse effects
      • hyperkalemia
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22
Q

Nifedipine

A
  • Calcium channel blocker
  • acts on Arterioles
  • uses
    • Hypertension
    • Angina
  • Hemodynamic effects
    • direct: blocks channels in VSM = dilation
    • indirect: NE released & increased heart rate
    • Overall: lowers BP, increases HR, increases contractile force

**Drug of choice for people with cardiac failure!

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23
Q

Verapamil

A
  • Calcium channel blocker (Class IV)
  • acts on: arterioles and heart
  • uses
    • Hypertension
    • angina
    • dysrhythmias
    • Migraine
  • Hemodynamic effects
    • direct = reduce AV conduction, reduce heart rate
    • Indirect = NE released & increases heart rate

*** same as diltiazem

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24
Q

diltiazem

A
  • Calcium channel blocker (class IV)
  • acts on: arterioles and heart
  • uses
    • Hypertension
    • angina
    • dysrhythmias
    • Migraine
  • Hemodynamic effects
    • direct = reduce AV conduction, reduce heart rate
    • Indirect = NE released & increases heart rate

*** same as Verapamil

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25
Q

Hydralazine

A
  • Vasodilator
  • works on arterioles
  • for: hypertension, hypertensive crisis, heart failure
  • adverse effects
    • reflex tachycardia
    • inc. blood vol
    • systemic lupus-like syndrome
    • min hypotension
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26
Q

Minoxidil

A
  • Vasodilator
  • works on arterioles
  • uses:
    • severe hypertension
    • hair growth (rogaine)
  • adverse effects
    • reflex tachycardia
    • sodium and water retention
    • hair growth (hypertrichosis)
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27
Q

Sodium Nitroprusside

A
  • Vasodilator
  • works on arterioles/veins
  • for hypertensive emergencies
  • adverse effects
    • excessivey hypotension
    • cyanide poisoning
    • thiocyanate toxicity
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28
Q

Digoxin

A
  • Drug for heart failure
  • Cardiac glycoside
  • positive ionotropic action
    • increases force of contraction/CO
    • inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase
    • Calcium accumulation
      • facilitates interaction of myosin/actin
  • Therapeutic effects: inc contractility, inc urine production, reduce HR & afterload & venouse pressure, dec heart size
  • Adverse effects
    • dysrhythmias
    • visual disturbances (blurred/yellow vision)

***does not prolong life! only provides systomatic relief

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29
Q

Spironolactone

A
  • drug for heart failure
  • Potassium-sparing diuretic
  • aldosterone receptor blocker
    • (aldosterone promotes remodeling of heart)
      • (fibrosis and rise in HF)
  • adverse effects
    • gynecomastia
    • hyperkalemia
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30
Q

Quinidine

A
  • Class I: Sodium channel blocker
    • decreas conduction in atria, ventricles, & His-purkinje system
  • Class IA
    • similar to anesthetics
    • acts
      • heart: delays repolarization
      • EKG: Widens QRS, prolongs QT
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31
Q

Lidocaine

A
  • Class I: sodium channel blocker
    • decrese conduction in atria, ventricles, & His-purkinje system
  • Class IB
    • Heart: accel repolarization
    • EKG: no effects
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32
Q

Propranolol

A
  • Class II: beta-blocker
  • Effects Beta 1 and 2 receptors
    • heart: decreased velocity of conduction (also blocks calcium channels)
    • EKG: prolonged PR interval
  • Contraindication
    • Asthma patients
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33
Q

Bretylium

A
  • Class III: Potassium channel blocker
  • Uses
    • short-term therapy
    • heart: delay repolarization
    • EKG: prolong QT interval
    • side effects: hypotension
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34
Q

Amiodarone

A
  • Class III: potassium channel blocker
  • use
    • heart: delay repolarization
    • EKG:
      • QRS widening, PR/QT lengthening
    • side effects: lung damage, visual impairment, prodysrhythmias
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35
Q

HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)

A
  • Drug to alter plasma lipids
    • LDL = dec
    • HDL = inc
    • TG = dec
    • MOA
      • inhibits enzyme needed for cholesterol synthesis
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36
Q

Nicotinic acid

A
  • drug to alter plasma lipids
    • LDL = dec
    • HDL = inc
    • TG = dec
    • MOA
      • decrease VLDL (LDL are byproducts of VLDL)

***Start with “NIA” (niaspan, niacor)

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37
Q

Bile-acid sequestrants

A
  • Drug to alter plasma lipids
    • LDL = dec
    • HDL = inc
    • TG = no change
    • MOA
      • cholesterol is required to produce bile-acid. Liver cells inc LDL receptors thereby increasing LDL uptake
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38
Q

Fibric acid (fibrates)

A
  • Drugs to alter plasma lipids
    • LDL = little/no effect
    • HDL = inc
    • TG = lower
    • MOA
      • accelerate clearance of VLDL thereby reducing TG
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39
Q

Nitroglycerin

A
  • Treatment for angina pectoris
  • organic nitrates (nitrostat, Nitrolingual)
    • stable angina = dec o2 demand
    • variant angina = inc o2 supply
    • ***people develop tolerance!! need to cycle and stuff
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40
Q

Heparin (unfractionated)

A
  • Parenteral anticoagulants
  • actions
    • helps antithrombin inactivate clotting factors
    • suppresses formation of fibrin
  • needs lab monitoring
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41
Q

Low-molecuar weight heparins

A
  • Parenteral anticoagulants
  • uses
    • DVT following hip/knee replacement
  • no lab monitoring needed
42
Q

Warfarin (coumadin)

A
  • Oral anticoagulants
  • MOA
    • antagonist of Vit. K which is needed for clotting factors
43
Q

Streptokinase (streptase)

A
  • Thrombolytic drug
    • remove thrombi
    • binds to plasminogen to form plasmin which digests fibrin
  • ***made from a bacteria
    • side effects = allergic rx, hypotension, fever, bleeding
44
Q

Alteplase or tPA (activase)

A
  • Thrombolytic drug
    • remove thrombi
    • binds to plasminogen to form plasmin which digests fibrin
  • ***made in a lab
    • tissue plasminogen activator
    • Recombinant DNA technology
    • side effects = intracranial bleeding
45
Q

Phenytoin

A
  • MOA
    • stops sodium influx
  • Treats
    • partialized and generalized
  • difficult kinetics
  • side effects
    • overgrowth of gums
    • thickening of facial hair
46
Q

Carbamazepine

A
  • MOA
    • stops sodium influx
  • Treats
    • partial & generalized & bipolar
    • NOT absence seizures
47
Q

Valproic acid

A
  • MOA
    • increase GABA conc and dec calcium/sodium
  • Treats
    • partial & generalized, bipolar disease, and migraines
48
Q

Ethosuximide

A
  • MOA
    • dec calcium
  • Treats
    • ONLY absence (drug of choice for absence)
    • **among the safest antiseizure drugs
49
Q

Phenobarbital

A
  • MOA
    • GABA
  • Treats
    • partial and generalized
    • NOT absence
  • Can reduce seizures without causing sedation unlike other barbs
50
Q

Oxycarbazepine

A
  • Newer AED
  • MOA
    • dec sodium
  • treats
    • partial in kids and adults
  • derivative of carbamazepine, better tolerated
51
Q

Toprimate

A
  • MOA
    • increase GABA, dec sodium & GLUTAMATE
  • Treats
    • partial and generalized
52
Q

Zonisamide

A
  • Newer AED
  • MOA
    • dec sodium and calcium
  • Treats
    • partial
  • ***only one to Stop the SPREAD!!!!!!
53
Q

Amitriptyline

A
  • Tricyclic antidepressant
    • MOA = inhibit uptake 1
  • for chronic pain
54
Q

Clomipramine

A
  • Tricyclic antidepressant
    • MOA = block uptake 1
  • for OCD
55
Q

Fluoxetine

A
  • SSRI
    • target serotonin
  • Has most effects on other drugs (of the 3 listed)
56
Q

Sertraline

A
  • SSRI
    • target serotonin
  • similar to fluoxetine but has less effects
57
Q

Paroxetine

A
  • SSRI
    • target serotonin
  • has no effects because it has highest specificity

* atypical antidepressant used for anxiety

58
Q

Bupropian

A
  • Newer antidepressant
  • blocks dopamine uptake
  • for nicotine withdrawal
59
Q

Venlafaxine

A
  • newer antidepressant
  • blocks uptake of both NE and serotonin
  • effective in severe depression and anxiety
60
Q

Phenelzine

A
  • MAO inhibitor used in depression

***MAO inhibitors react with tyramine to produce a hypertensive crisis by altering level of NE that regulates cardiac function

61
Q

Tyramine (found in wine and cheese)

A
  • When combined with MAO inhibitors it is able to reach the nerve terminals and release more NE. resulting in hypertensive crisis
62
Q

Bipolar drugs

A
  • Lithium
    • drug of choice for many acute manic episodes
    • suppresses 2nd messengers
  • Valproic acid
    • AED approved for bipolar disorder
    • less side effects than lithium
63
Q

Diazepam

A
  • BDZ
  • most rapidly absorbed
  • forms active metabolites
  • use
    • muscle relaxation
    • anesthesia
64
Q

Lorazepam

A
  • BDZ
  • treats general anxiety disorder
  • does NOT form active metabolites
    • should be used in patients with kidney failure! ***
65
Q

Alprazolam

A
  • BDZ
  • treat general anxiety disorder
  • treats Panic disorder ****
66
Q

Buspirone

A
  • anxiolytic drug
  • High affinity for serotonin
  • less sedating than BDZ and no abuse potential
  • grapefruit juice increases levels
67
Q

Flurazepam

A
  • Benzodiazepine
  • primarily used as hypnotic
  • has a rapid onset and long duration of action
68
Q

Triazolam

A
  • Benzodiazepine (BDZ)
  • primarily used as hypnotic
  • rapid onset but ultrashort duration of action
  • Causes hallucinations!
69
Q

Zolpidem (ambien)

A
  • Non-BDZ chemically
  • binds to BDZ receptor tho
  • less effects on stages of sleep
70
Q

Zaleplon

A
  • sedative
  • pyrazolopyrimidine binding to GABA receptor
71
Q

Secobarbital

A
  • Barbiturate (duration of GABA channels)
    • onced used for sleep. problem with physical dependance
  • used as a hypnotic
72
Q

Phenobarbital

A
  • Barbiturate (acts on duration)
  • used as an anticonvulsant
73
Q

Chlorpromazine

A
  • First antipsychotic developed
  • LESS potent but HIGHLY sedative and causes many anticholinergic side effects
74
Q

Haloperidol

A
  • Most commonly used antipsychotic
  • HIGH potency, LESS sedation, LESS anticholinergic effects, and more EPS effects
75
Q

Pimozide

A
  • Only for Tourette’s syndrome ****
  • high potency
76
Q

Clozapine

A
  • newer antipsychotic drug
  • works on
    • serotonin and dopamine with HIGH sedation and LESS EPS
  • improves positive and negative
  • Side effects
    • fatal agranculocytosis & seizures
77
Q

Risperidone

A
  • Newer antipsychotic drug
  • works on
    • serotonin and dopamine with LESS sedation, LESS EPS, and LESS anticholinergic effects
  • Improves positive and negative
  • side effects
    • dizziness & fatigue **
78
Q

Olanzapine

A
  • newer antipsychotic
  • works on
    • serotonin, dopamine, histamine, acetylcholine, and NE
    • LESS EPS
  • improves positive and negative
  • well tolerated
79
Q

Levodopa (L-dopa)

A
  • dopamine precursor
  • only 1-2% actually enters brain
80
Q

Carbidopa

A
  • has no effects on its own
  • take it with levodopa!
    • carbidopa inhibits decarboxylation of levodopa in periphery so that 10% enters the brain.
81
Q

Pramipexole

A
  • dopamine agonist that binds dopamine receptors
  • given with levodopa in late stages of parkinson’s
    • side effects = dyskinesa and hallucinations
82
Q

Amantadine

A
  • anti-viral agent
  • most likely releases dopamine from neurons
  • for parkinson’s
83
Q

Selegiline

A
  • for parkinson’s
  • decreases dopamine metabolism by inhibiting MAO found in brain
  • prescribed when disease is seen to slow down progression
84
Q

Entacapone

A
  • for parkinson’s
  • inhibitor of COMT - halts metabolism of dopamine
  • prolongs half-life of levodopa
85
Q

Donepezil

A
  • for alzheimer’s
  • somewhat selective brain cholinesterease inhibitor.
  • NOT a cure
86
Q

Baclofen

A
  • treat symptoms of ALS
  • is a GABA agonist used to relax muscles
87
Q

Marijuana

A
  • from cannabis plant
  • active ingredient is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
  • tolerance develops quickly
  • therapeutic uses
    • AIDS wasting syndrome
88
Q

Phencyclidine

A
  • “PCP”
  • orginally an anesthetic until people experienced psychotic reactions
  • effects are different on each person
  • MOA
    • antagonizing the NMDA receptors
  • only hallucinogenic drug that animals will self-administer = very addicting
89
Q

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide

A
  • “LSD”
  • Schedule 1 drug
  • effects
    • “trips”, vivid colors, flashbacks, hallucinations
  • MOA
    • stimulating serotonin receptors on neuron
90
Q

Nicotine

A
  • reaches brain in 8 secs
  • MOA
    • acts on nicotinic receptors and releases more dopamine
  • effects
    • relax, inc BP, stim CNS
  • use bupropian to help stop
91
Q

inhalants

A
  • vapors are inhaled, travel to blood, and enter brain
  • immediate effects
    • relax, slurred speech, euphoria, nausea, hallucinations, and death
  • long term use
    • leads to memory loss, concentration issues, blindness
92
Q

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate

A
  • “GHB”
  • produced in the brain through GABA synthesis
  • rave drug/date rape drug
  • releases growth hormones so athletes used to take it
93
Q

Alcohol

(drugs for withdrawal and abstinence)

A
  • Facilitate withdrawal
    • Benzodiazepines such as diazepam
  • maintain abstinence
    • Naltrexone
    • Disulfiram
94
Q

Disulfiram

A
  • drug used to maintain alcohol abstinence
  • inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase
  • effect is acetaldehyde syndrome resulting in flushing and nausea if alcohol is taken
95
Q

Naltrexone

A
  • drug used to maintain alcohol abstinence
  • opioid antagonist
  • decreases craving and cuts relapse
96
Q

Caffeine

A
  • blocks adenosine receptors that normally dec neuronal activity
  • stimulates CNS
97
Q

Cocaine

A
  • CNS stimulant
  • blocks reuptake of NT in brain. more present
  • unpredictable cardiac effects
98
Q

Amphetamine

A
  • CNS stim
  • longer duration of action than cocaine
  • can be sued for weight loss and narcolepsy
99
Q

Methylphenidate

A
  • CNS stim
  • used for narcolepsy
  • used for ADD
    • reduces impulsiveness
100
Q

MDMA

A
  • “Ecstasy”
  • related to amphetamines
  • originally an appetite suppressant
  • blahhhhh
101
Q

Atomoxetine

A
  • For ADD/ADHD
  • adults and kids
  • non-stimulant

PTH 509 Pharm (7 decks)

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