Exam 2 - Drugs Flashcards
Albuterol
- Bronchodilators
- relaxes smooth muscle
- most widely prescribed and most effective agents for treatment of bronchoconstriction
- Beta 2-adrenergic agonists
** people with asthma should not take beta (2?) blockers!
Prednisone
- Anti-inflammatory agent
- Glucocorticoid
- inhibits production of inflammatory mediators
- reduces smooth muscle hyper-reactivity and decreases constriction
- inhaled steroids are most effective and prescribed most for inflammation
***drug of choice in newly diagnosed asthma
- Treatment of Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
- drug of choice for acute attacks
- inhibits inflam mediators
Olsalazine
- Treatment of IBD
- drug of choice for reoccuring IBD
Montelukast
- (singulair)
- Anti-inflammatory agent
- leukotrience receptor antagonist
- Decreased inflammation and bronchoconstriction
- aspirin-induced asthma
Zafirlukast
- (accolate)
- Anti-inflammatory agent
- leukotrience receptor antagonist
- Decreased inflammation and bronchoconstriction
- aspirin-induced asthma
Omeprazole
- (Prilosec)
- treatment of excess acid
- K+/H+ ATPase inhibitors
- GERD
Lansoprazole
- (prevacid)
- treatment of excess acid
- K+/H+ ATPase inhibitors
- GERD
Bismuth subsalicylate
- (Pepto bismol)
- Treatment of excess acid
- Bismuth compounds + antibiotics
- forms protective barrier (good drug!)
- H. pylori
- also treats diarrhea
Cimetidine
- (tagamet)
- treatment of excess acid
- Histamine (H2) receptor antagonists
Ranitidine
- (Zantac)
- Treatment of excess acid
- Histamine (H2) receptor antagonist
Famotidine
- (Pepcid)
- Treatment of excess acid
- Histamine (H2) receptor antagonist
Dimenhydrinate
- (dramamine)
- anti-emetic (vomiting)
- for motion sickness
Misoprostol
- (cytotec)
- Prostaglandin agonist
- helps prevent ulcers in patients on NSAIDs (combats aspirin anti-prostaglandin stuff)
- side effect
- stimulates abortion
Mg/Al hydroxide (Maalox)
- Al hydroxide = constipation
- Mg hydroxide = laxative
*** Maalox = both. Best drug for antacid!
Loperamide
- Treatment of diarrhea
- BEST OTC choice
Lorazepam
- Used for stage fright-induced or anticipatory vomiting
Mg hydroxide
- (Milk of magnesia)
- Treats constipation (laxative)
- MOA
- water and electrolyte retaining cathartic (laxitive)
- may produce dehydration
Captopril
- ACE inhibitor
- reduces risk of cardio mortality caused by hypertension
- adverse effects = first-dose hypotension and cough
- used for
- Heart failure and hypertension
- MI
- _Diabetic nephropathy _
Lisinopril
- ACE inhibitor
- reduces risk of cardio mortality caused by hypertension
- adverse effects = first-does hypotension and cough
- used for
- hypertension and heart failure
- MI
Losartan
- Ang II receptor blocker (ARBs)
- blocks action of Ang II
- dilation of arterioles and veins
- decreases aldosterone
- blocks action of Ang II
- Uses
- diabetic nephropathy
***ARBs end in “SARTAN”
Eplerenone
- Selective aldosterone receptor blocker
- uses
- only for hypertension
- excretion of sodium and water
- adverse effects
- hyperkalemia
Nifedipine
- Calcium channel blocker
- acts on Arterioles
- uses
- Hypertension
- Angina
- Hemodynamic effects
- direct: blocks channels in VSM = dilation
- indirect: NE released & increased heart rate
- Overall: lowers BP, increases HR, increases contractile force
**Drug of choice for people with cardiac failure!
Verapamil
- Calcium channel blocker (Class IV)
- acts on: arterioles and heart
- uses
- Hypertension
- angina
- dysrhythmias
- Migraine
- Hemodynamic effects
- direct = reduce AV conduction, reduce heart rate
- Indirect = NE released & increases heart rate
*** same as diltiazem
diltiazem
- Calcium channel blocker (class IV)
- acts on: arterioles and heart
- uses
- Hypertension
- angina
- dysrhythmias
- Migraine
- Hemodynamic effects
- direct = reduce AV conduction, reduce heart rate
- Indirect = NE released & increases heart rate
*** same as Verapamil
Hydralazine
- Vasodilator
- works on arterioles
- for: hypertension, hypertensive crisis, heart failure
- adverse effects
- reflex tachycardia
- inc. blood vol
- systemic lupus-like syndrome
- min hypotension
Minoxidil
- Vasodilator
- works on arterioles
- uses:
- severe hypertension
- hair growth (rogaine)
- adverse effects
- reflex tachycardia
- sodium and water retention
- hair growth (hypertrichosis)
Sodium Nitroprusside
- Vasodilator
- works on arterioles/veins
- for hypertensive emergencies
- adverse effects
- excessivey hypotension
- cyanide poisoning
- thiocyanate toxicity
Digoxin
- Drug for heart failure
- Cardiac glycoside
-
positive ionotropic action
- increases force of contraction/CO
- inhibits Na+/K+ ATPase
- Calcium accumulation
- facilitates interaction of myosin/actin
- Therapeutic effects: inc contractility, inc urine production, reduce HR & afterload & venouse pressure, dec heart size
- Adverse effects
- dysrhythmias
- visual disturbances (blurred/yellow vision)
***does not prolong life! only provides systomatic relief
Spironolactone
- drug for heart failure
- Potassium-sparing diuretic
- aldosterone receptor blocker
- (aldosterone promotes remodeling of heart)
- (fibrosis and rise in HF)
- (aldosterone promotes remodeling of heart)
- adverse effects
- gynecomastia
- hyperkalemia
Quinidine
- Class I: Sodium channel blocker
- decreas conduction in atria, ventricles, & His-purkinje system
- Class IA
- similar to anesthetics
- acts
- heart: delays repolarization
- EKG: Widens QRS, prolongs QT
Lidocaine
- Class I: sodium channel blocker
- decrese conduction in atria, ventricles, & His-purkinje system
- Class IB
- Heart: accel repolarization
- EKG: no effects
Propranolol
- Class II: beta-blocker
- Effects Beta 1 and 2 receptors
- heart: decreased velocity of conduction (also blocks calcium channels)
- EKG: prolonged PR interval
-
Contraindication
- Asthma patients
Bretylium
- Class III: Potassium channel blocker
- Uses
- short-term therapy
- heart: delay repolarization
- EKG: prolong QT interval
- side effects: hypotension
Amiodarone
- Class III: potassium channel blocker
- use
- heart: delay repolarization
- EKG:
- QRS widening, PR/QT lengthening
- side effects: lung damage, visual impairment, prodysrhythmias
HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins)
- Drug to alter plasma lipids
- LDL = dec
- HDL = inc
- TG = dec
- MOA
- inhibits enzyme needed for cholesterol synthesis
Nicotinic acid
- drug to alter plasma lipids
- LDL = dec
- HDL = inc
- TG = dec
- MOA
- decrease VLDL (LDL are byproducts of VLDL)
***Start with “NIA” (niaspan, niacor)
Bile-acid sequestrants
- Drug to alter plasma lipids
- LDL = dec
- HDL = inc
- TG = no change
- MOA
- cholesterol is required to produce bile-acid. Liver cells inc LDL receptors thereby increasing LDL uptake
Fibric acid (fibrates)
- Drugs to alter plasma lipids
- LDL = little/no effect
- HDL = inc
- TG = lower
- MOA
- accelerate clearance of VLDL thereby reducing TG
Nitroglycerin
- Treatment for angina pectoris
- organic nitrates (nitrostat, Nitrolingual)
- stable angina = dec o2 demand
- variant angina = inc o2 supply
- ***people develop tolerance!! need to cycle and stuff
Heparin (unfractionated)
- Parenteral anticoagulants
- actions
- helps antithrombin inactivate clotting factors
- suppresses formation of fibrin
- needs lab monitoring