Exam 2 - DNA Structure Flashcards
(T/F) More heat energy is required to break the bonds of AT pairs than CG bonds
false
G-C = 3 bonds A-T = 2 bonds
_____ the wavelength used to monitor DNA/detect protein
260 nm
______ techniques that widely uses DNA denaturation
hybridization probes, PCR
_____ term referring to when Absorbance increases as the bases become unstacked
hyperchromicity
____ the temperature at which half the DNA becomes single stranded is called the
melting temperature, Tm
*(T/F) Tm shifts to the right as GC
content increases
true
which of the ff does not apply to DNA denaturation?
a. When cooled, DNA strands will reanneal
b. Each double stranded DNA has its own specific melting temperature
c. DNA melting temps depend on AT content
d. DNA melting temp depend of strand complementary and length of DNA
C
(T/F) SNPs can be detected using melting temperature
true
temp is lower than the strand with no mutation
_______ refers
to the complete set of genetic information carried by an
organism or the DNA that carries this information
genome
_____ the number of nucleotides that the haploid human genome consists
3.2 E9 nucleotides
which of the ff is not true about the genome?
a. genes are the functional units of heredity
b. is haploid in humans
c. the more comples an organism, the larger its genome
d. encodes proteins
none of the above :)
(T/F) smaller, simpler organisms have compact genomes with little noncoding segements of DNA
true
which of the ff is not true about the genome?
a. humans have plenty of junk DNA with no known function
b. yeasts have smaller genomes
c. 45%of the genome are derived from viruses
d. the human does not contain any mobile elements
D
_____ are segments of DNA that can move within or between genomes that accumulate during evolution
transposable elements
____ are intervening noncoding DNA sequences that break up the coding sequences
introns
____ are the coding sequences in the DNA
exons
_____ the average size of a human gene
27,000 nucleotides
which of the ff is not true?
a. Approximately 1300 nucleotides encode the average size human protein of about 430 amino acids
b. promoters are considered as coding sequences
c. about ~25,700 nucleotides consist of introns
d. a human gene is about 27,000 nucleotides
B
they are non coding!
____ are examples of non coding DNA sequences
gene promoters, introns, “junk” DNA, regulatory DNA sequences
(T/F) promoters regulate gene expression
true
*(T/F) only 1.5% of the human genome encodes for amino acids
true!
exons/amino acids
(T/F) organisms with compact genome have introns like humans
false
more compact = no introns, shorter
humans= longer, mostly introns
_____ the smallest human chromosome
chromosome 22
which of the ff is not a mobile genetic element? a. DNA only transposons b. LINES c. SINES d. retrovirallike elements
all are mobile elements!
____ consist
of short nucleotide sequences (14
nucleotides or less) that exist in multiple copies
Simple sequence repeats
____ large stretches of the genome (1000-200,000
nucleotides) present in two or more locations of genome
Segmental duplications
_____ are duplicated genes that have become inactive (nonfunctional) over time due to accumulation of mutations
pseudogenes
humans have least 20,000
(T/F) DNA must be tightly packaged yet organized (without tangling) to allow binding of enzymes that regulate DNA replication, repair, and transcription
true
which of the ff is not true?
a. DNA is compacted 1000 fold in mitotic chromosomes
b. DNA is compacted 1,000 fold in interphase chromosomes
c. a cell can have 2 meters of DNA stretched end to end
d. histone mass almost equal to DNA mass
A
10,000 fold in mitotic chromosome
(T/F) histones are are present at very low concentrations in the nucleus
false
high conc
______ the complex of histones and nonhistones with DNA
chromatin
____ refers to a chromatin that becomes partially unfolded
“beads on a string”
beads = nucleosomes (dna around histones) string = DNA
*(T/F) Nucleosomes represent the first stage of DNA packing in the nucleus
true
(T/F) DNA wrapped around the is 146 nucleotides long and can wrap 1.65 times around the histone core while linker DNA ranges from a few nucleotides up to about 80
true
______ can refer either to the core particle plus one of its adjacent DNA linkers or just the core particle
nucleosome
which of the ff is false?
a. Nucleosomes plus DNA = simplest form of chromatin
b. nucleosome particles repeat at intervals of about 50K nuleotides
c. Nucleosomes condense the length of DNA by about one third
d. Represent the first level of DNA packing in chromosomes
B
only 200 nucleotide intervals
which of the ff is false about the core histone structure?
a. its N-terminal tail is subject to chemical modification
b. its three α helices are connected by two loops
c. the N-terminal form the “histone fold”
d. histone fold mediates the histone-histone
binding during assembly of the nucleosome core
C
alpha helices form the histone fold
which of the ff histone properties is false?
a. rich in basic amino acids and are negatively charged
b. the aa charges neutralize the charge of DNA backbone
c. histone-DNA binding is thru a combo of electrostatic and
hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding
d. are lysine and arginine rich
A
basic aas are POSITIVELY charged
DNA is neg
(T/F) Histones H4 primary aa sequences are not highly conserved
false
it is most highly conserved
(T/F) mutations in histone gene sequences can alter gene expression
true
_____ a less well-conserved histone that bind both the linker DNA and nucleosome core to pull the nucleosomes together to form the 30 nm fiber
histone H1