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A&P 1 > Exam 2: Chapters 5,6,7 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Chapters 5,6,7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the nervous system?

A

To transmit signals between different parts of the body.

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2
Q

True or False: The nervous system is divided into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system.

A

True

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: The central nervous system consists of the ________ and the _________.

A

brain, spinal cord

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4
Q

What is the basic unit of the nervous system?

A

Neuron

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5
Q

Which part of the neuron receives signals from other neurons?

A

Dendrites

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6
Q

What is the term for the gap between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released?

A

Synapse

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7
Q

What is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

To insulate and speed up the transmission of nerve impulses.

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8
Q

What is the largest part of the human brain?

A

Cerebrum

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9
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating basic functions such as breathing and heart rate?

A

Brainstem

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10
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

To coordinate voluntary movements and balance.

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11
Q

What is the function of the spinal cord?

A

To transmit signals between the brain and the rest of the body.

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12
Q

Which division of the peripheral nervous system controls involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion?

A

Autonomic nervous system

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13
Q

What is the fight-or-flight response controlled by?

A

Sympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

Which neurotransmitter is associated with pleasure and reward?

A

Dopamine

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15
Q

What is the term for the outermost layer of the meninges that protects the brain?

A

Dura mater

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16
Q

What is the role of the thalamus in the brain?

A

To relay sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex.

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17
Q

What is the function of the corpus callosum?

A

To connect the two hemispheres of the brain and facilitate communication between them.

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18
Q

True or False: The brain consumes more energy per unit of weight than any other organ.

A

True

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19
Q

What is the term for the body’s ability to adapt to new situations and environments?

A

Plasticity

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20
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for processing emotions?

A

Amygdala

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21
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

To regulate body temperature, hunger, and sleep.

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22
Q

What is the main function of the somatic nervous system?

A

To control voluntary movements.

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23
Q

What is the role of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

To rest and digest, and conserve energy.

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24
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for processing visual information?

A

Occipital lobe

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25
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe?

A

To control reasoning, planning, and problem-solving.

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26
Q

True or False: The cerebellum is primarily responsible for processing auditory information.

A

False

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27
Q

What is the term for the process by which neurons are coated with myelin?

A

Myelination

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28
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus in the brain?

A

To process and store memories.

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29
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for processing auditory information?

A

Temporal lobe

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30
Q

What is the function of the pons in the brain?

A

To regulate breathing and sleep.

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31
Q

What is the term for the protective covering of the brain and spinal cord?

A

Meninges

32
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for processing sensory information?

A

Parietal lobe

33
Q

What is the main function of the sympathetic nervous system?

A

To prepare the body for fight or flight responses.

34
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata?

A

To regulate vital functions such as heartbeat and breathing.

35
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as decision-making?

A

Prefrontal cortex

36
Q

What is the term for the body’s automatic response to a stimulus?

A

Reflex

37
Q

What is the role of the reticular formation in the brain?

A

To regulate wakefulness and alertness.

38
Q

True or False: Neurons in the brain can regenerate if damaged.

A

False

39
Q

What is the term for the process of transmitting a nerve impulse along a neuron?

A

Action potential

40
Q

What is the function of the basal ganglia?

A

To control voluntary movements and procedural learning.

41
Q

Which neurotransmitter is associated with mood regulation and sleep?

A

Serotonin

42
Q

What is the term for the part of the brain that coordinates voluntary movements?

A

Motor cortex

43
Q

What is the function of the limbic system in the brain?

A

To regulate emotions, memory, and motivation.

44
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for processing language?

A

Broca’s area

45
Q

What is the role of the midbrain in the brain?

A

To relay information between the forebrain and hindbrain.

46
Q

What is the term for the network of nerves that connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body?

A

Peripheral nervous system

47
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating sleep and wake cycles?

A

Pineal gland

48
Q

What are the function of the iris in eye?

A

The iris regulates the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting the size of the pupil.

49
Q

Describe the role of Schwann cells in the nervous system.

A

Schwann cells form the myelin sheath around axons, speeding up the conduction of electrical impulses.

50
Q

What neurotransmitter is released from gustatory receptor cells to activate sensory neurons?

A

Neurotransmitters are released when taste stimuli interact with gustatory receptor cells, which activate the facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus cranial nerves.

51
Q

What is the function of the cornea in vision?

A

The cornea transmits and focuses light onto the retina, contributing most of the eye’s total focusing power.

52
Q

What are the three broad types of neurons based on their function?

A

Sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons.

53
Q

Explain synaptic transmission.

A

It involves the release of a neurotransmitter from the pre-synaptic neuron, which binds to specific post-synaptic receptors to transmit signals between neurons or from neurons to target cells.

54
Q

What is the role of the olfactory bulb in the sense of smell?

A

The olfactory bulb processes input from sensory neurons in the nose and transmits this information to other brain areas, including the olfactory cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala.

55
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system, controls autonomic functions, and regulates the body’s response to emotions and stress.

56
Q

Define saltatory conduction.

A

Saltatory conduction is the process where action potentials jump from one node of Ranvier to the next along myelinated axons, increasing the speed of nerve impulse transmission.

57
Q

What are the two divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

The sensory (afferent) division and the motor (efferent) division.

58
Q

What is the main difference between the nervous system and the endocrine system in terms of regulation?

A

The nervous system works quickly for short-term processes, while the endocrine system works slowly and regulates longer-term processes.

59
Q

What are the two main types of hormones based on their structure?

A

Non-steroid hormones (e.g., protein, amine, peptide, and glycoprotein hormones) and steroid hormones (e.g., aldosterone, testosterone, progesterone).

60
Q

How do steroid hormones affect target cells?

A

Steroid hormones pass through the plasma membrane and directly affect gene expression within the nucleus.

61
Q

What is the role of insulin in blood glucose regulation?

A

Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake by cells and stimulating the storage of glucose as glycogen.

62
Q

How does glucagon increase blood glucose levels?

A
63
Q

Which hormones regulate blood calcium levels?

A

Calcitonin (lowers blood calcium) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) (raises blood calcium).

64
Q

What are the two main parts of the adrenal gland?

A

The adrenal cortex, which produces hormones like aldosterone and cortisol, and the adrenal medulla, which produces stress hormones like adrenaline.

65
Q

What triggers the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)?

A

Low blood volume, low sodium levels, or high potassium levels trigger the release of renin, which starts the RAAS process to regulate blood pressure and fluid balance.

66
Q

What is the effect of angiotensin II in the body?

A

Angiotensin II constricts blood vessels, increases blood pressure, stimulates aldosterone release, and promotes water and sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.

67
Q

What are common endocrine disorders caused by hormone imbalances?

A

Hypersecretion (e.g., Grave’s disease due to excess thyroxine) and hyposecretion (e.g., goiter due to low thyroxine, diabetes due to low insulin).

68
Q

What are the four types of non-steroid hormones?

A

Protein hormones, amine hormones, peptide hormones, and glycoproteins.

69
Q

Protein hormones, amine hormones, peptide hormones, and glycoproteins.

A

Peptide hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane, initiating a secondary messenger system inside the cell, which alters cellular activity.

70
Q

What is the main function of the hypothalamus in endocrine regulation?

A

The hypothalamus controls the pituitary gland and serves as a link between the nervous system and the endocrine system, regulating functions like body temperature, hunger, and thirst.

71
Q

What is the function of cortisol, and which gland secretes it?

A

Cortisol is a stress hormone that helps regulate metabolism, reduce inflammation, and control the body’s stress response. It is secreted by the adrenal cortex.

72
Q

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating water reabsorption in the kidneys?

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, stimulates water reabsorption in the kidneys.

73
Q

What is the role of aldosterone in blood pressure regulation?

A

Aldosterone increases sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, which raises blood volume and blood pressure.

74
Q

What is downregulation in hormone signaling?

A

Downregulation occurs when a target cell reduces the number of receptors for a hormone, often in response to prolonged exposure to high levels of the hormone (e.g., hyperinsulinemia).

75
Q

What hormone is secreted in response to high calcium levels, and what does it do?

A

Calcitonin is secreted by the thyroid gland and lowers blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium uptake into bones.

76
Q

Which gland is primarily responsible for the secretion of melatonin, and what is its function?

A

The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which regulates the sleep-wake cycle and circadian rhythms.

77
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

The jumping of action potentials between nodes of Ranvier on myelinated axons, increasing the speed of signal transmission.

A&P 1 (4 decks)

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