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A&P 1 > chapter 15 ;The musculoskeletal system: support and movement > Flashcards

chapter 15 ;The musculoskeletal system: support and movement Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of cells found within bone tissue?

A

Osteogenic cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts.

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2
Q

What is the function of osteogenic cells?

A
  • high mitotic activity;
  • they differentiate and develop into osteoblasts.
  • located: DEEP layers of the periosteum and endosteum
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3
Q

What role do osteoblasts play in bone tissue?

A

Osteoblasts are responsible for forming new bone; they synthesize and secrete the collagen matrix and calcium salts.

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4
Q

Where are osteoblasts found in bone tissue?

A

Osteoblasts are found in the growing portions of bone, such as the periosteum and endosteum.

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5
Q

Do osteoblasts divide?

A

No, osteoblasts do not divide.

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6
Q

What are osteocytes, and where are they located?

A

Osteocytes are the primary cell of mature bone, located in a space called a lacuna.

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7
Q

What is the main function of osteocytes?

A

Osteocytes maintain the mineral concentration of the bone matrix.

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8
Q

How do osteocytes communicate and receive nutrients?

A

They use long cytoplasmic processes to communicate with each other and receive nutrients.

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9
Q

Do osteocytes have mitotic activity?

A

No, like osteoblasts, osteocytes lack mitotic activity.

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10
Q

What is the function of osteoclasts?

A

Osteoclasts are responsible for bone resorption (breakdown).

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11
Q

Where are osteoclasts found in bone tissue?

A

Osteoclasts are found on bone surfaces.

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12
Q

What is unique about the origin of osteoclasts?

A

Osteoclasts are multinucleated and originate from monocytes and macrophages (types of white blood cells), not from osteogenic cells.

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13
Q

What is the microscopic structural unit of compact bone called?

A

An osteon, or Haversian system.

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14
Q

What is each osteon composed of?

A

oncentric rings of calcified matrix called lamellae (singular = lamella).

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15
Q

What runs down the center of each osteon?

A

The central canal, or Haversian canal.

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16
Q

What does the central (Haversian) canal contain?

A

Blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels.

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17
Q

What are the canals called that branch off at right angles to the central canal?

A

Perforating canals, also known as Volkmann’s canals.

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18
Q

Where are osteocytes located in compact bone?

A

Inside spaces called lacunae (singular = lacuna).

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19
Q

What is the nature of spongy bone?

A

Light, soft, and spongy.

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20
Q

What structural units make up spongy bone?

A

Trabeculae.

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21
Q

What function does the bone marrow in spongy bone have?

A

Produces red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs).

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22
Q

What is the nature of compact bone?

A

Heavy, tough, and compact.

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23
Q

What structural units make up compact bone?

A

Osteons.

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24
Q

What function does the bone marrow in compact bone have?

A

Stores fat.

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25
Q

How are osteocytes housed in spongy bone compared to compact bone?

A

Osteocytes in spongy bone are housed in lacunae but are not arranged in concentric circles.

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26
Q

What network structure do lacunae and osteocytes form in spongy bone?

A

A lattice-like network of matrix spikes called trabeculae.

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27
Q

What is the purpose of the trabeculae in spongy bone?

A

They provide strength to the bone.

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28
Q

What balance do the spaces in the trabeculated network provide?

A

They make bones lighter to balance the dense, heavy compact bone, allowing muscles to move bones more easily.

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29
Q

What is contained within the spaces of the trabeculated network in spongy bone?

A

Red marrow, where hematopoiesis (the production of blood cells) occurs.

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30
Q

How does the trabeculae benefit the red marrow in spongy bone?

A

The trabeculae protect the red marrow.

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31
Q

What are the three main parts of a long bone?

A

Diaphysis, Metaphysis, Epiphysis

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32
Q

What is the diaphysis of a long bone?

A

The tubular shaft that runs between the ends of the bone.

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33
Q

What is the medullary cavity and where is it located?

A

The hollow region within the diaphysis, filled with yellow marrow.

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34
Q

What is the composition of the walls of the diaphysis?

A

Dense and hard compact bone.

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35
Q

What is the epiphysis of a long bone?

A

The wider section at the ends of the bone, filled with spongy bone.

36
Q

What fills the spaces within the spongy bone in the epiphysis?

A

Red marrow.

37
Q

What is the metaphysis in a long bone?

A

The region that connects the epiphysis and diaphysis and contains the epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage).

38
Q

What happens to the epiphyseal plate after early adulthood (~18–21 years)?

A

The hyaline cartilage is replaced by osseous tissue, and the epiphyseal plate becomes an epiphyseal line.

39
Q

What are the two bone linings and their functions?

A

Endosteum: Inner lining, where bone growth, repair, and remodeling occur.

Periosteum: Outer fibrous membrane that contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels to nourish compact bone.

40
Q

What is the function of tendons and ligaments?

A

Tendons: Attach muscles to bones.

Ligaments: Attach bones to bones.

41
Q

What is articular cartilage and where is it found?

A

A thin layer of cartilage that covers the epiphyses to reduce friction and act as a shock absorber

42
Q

Which bones are formed through intramembranous ossification?

A

The flat bones of the face, most cranial bones, and the clavicles (collarbones).

43
Q

What is the first step of intramembranous ossification?

A

Mesenchymal cells group into clusters, and ossification centers form.

44
Q

What happens to osteoblasts during intramembranous ossification?

A

Secreted osteoid traps osteoblasts, which then become osteocytes

45
Q

What structures form after osteoid secretion in intramembranous ossification?

A

The trabecular matrix and periosteum form.

46
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A

it is the process by which bone develops by replacing hyaline cartilage, which serves as a template to be fully replaced by new bone.

47
Q

Where does compact bone develop in relation to trabecular bone?

A

Compact bone develops superficial to the trabecular bone.

48
Q

How does endochondral ossification differ from intramembranous ossification in terms of time?

A

Endochondral ossification takes much longer than intramembranous ossification.

49
Q

Which bones form through endochondral ossification?

A

Bones at the base of the skull and long bones.

50
Q

What is the first step of endochondral ossification?

A

Mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes

51
Q

What happens after chondrocytes form in endochondral ossification?

A

The cartilage model of the future bony skeleton and the perichondrium form.

52
Q

What occurs when capillaries penetrate the cartilage?

A

The perichondrium transforms into periosteum, the periosteal collar develops, and the primary ossification center forms.

53
Q

What happens to cartilage and chondrocytes as the bone begins to develop?

A

Cartilage and chondrocytes continue to grow at the ends of the bone.

54
Q

What forms after the primary ossification center?

A

Secondary ossification centers develop.

55
Q

Where does cartilage remain after endochondral ossification is complete?

A

Cartilage remains at the epiphyseal (growth) plate and at the joint surface as articular cartilage.

56
Q

What are muscles made up of?

A

Muscles are made up of muscle fascicles

57
Q

What is each muscle fascicle made of?

A

Each muscle fascicle is made of muscle fibers, or muscle cells.

58
Q

What is the relationship between a muscle fiber and a muscle cell?

A

One muscle fiber is equivalent to one muscle cell.

59
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

The sarcolemma is the plasma membrane of a muscle cell.

60
Q

What is the sarcoplasm?

A

The sarcoplasm is the cytoplasm of a muscle cell.

61
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?

A

The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of a muscle cell.

62
Q

What structures make up each muscle fiber?

A

Each muscle fiber is made up of myofibrils.

63
Q

What are the protective layers around muscle tissue?

A

The protective layers are the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium.

64
Q

What are myofibrils made of?

A

Myofibrils are made up of myofilaments enclosed in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR).

65
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)?

A

The SR is an internal membrane complex in muscle cells, similar to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

66
Q

What are terminal cisternae?

A

Terminal cisternae are blind sacs of the SR that serve as reservoirs for calcium ions.

67
Q

What forms a triad in muscle cells?

A

A triad is formed by two terminal cisternae with a T-tubule in between.

68
Q

What is the function of calcium pumps in the SR?

A

Calcium pumps in the SR import calcium ions.

69
Q

What is the role of calcium release channels in the SR?

A

Calcium release channels release calcium ions into the sarcoplasm in response to an electrical signal.

70
Q

What triggers the release of calcium from the SR?

A

An electrical signal traveling down the T-tubule triggers the release of calcium into the sarcoplasm.

71
Q

What is the structural unit of a myofibril?

A

The sarcomere is the structural unit of a myofibril.

72
Q

How are myofilaments arranged within a sarcomere?

A

Myofilaments are arranged in repeating units called sarcomeres.

73
Q

What types of filaments are found in a sarcomere?

A

sarcomere contains overlapping thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments.

74
Q

What defines the boundaries of a sarcomere?

A

The sarcomere is delineated at both ends by Z discs.

75
Q

What role do Z discs play in a sarcomere?

A

Z discs are specialized proteins perpendicular to the myofilaments that act as anchors for thin filaments.

76
Q

What are I-bands in a sarcomere?

A

I-bands are regions that contain only thin filaments (actin) and appear lighter.

77
Q

What are A-bands in a sarcomere?

A

A-bands are regions that contain thick filaments (myosin) and overlap with thin filaments, appearing darker.

78
Q

What are myofilaments?

A

Myofilaments are contractile proteins within myofibrils responsible for muscle contraction.

79
Q

What are the two types of myofilaments?

A

The two types are thick filaments and thin filaments.

80
Q

What are thick filaments composed of?

A

Thick filaments consist of bundles of myosin protein molecules.

81
Q

In which direction do myosin heads point in thick filaments?

A

Myosin heads point toward the ends of the filament.

82
Q

What are thin filaments primarily composed of?

A

Thin filaments are composed of bundles of actin protein molecules.

83
Q

What structure does actin form in thin filaments?

A

Actin forms twisted strands of F-actin, with each F-actin strand made up of G-actin monomers.

84
Q

What is the function of G-actin in thin filaments?

A

G-actin has a myosin binding site where myosin heads attach during contraction.

85
Q

Which regulatory proteins are found in thin filaments?

A

The regulatory proteins tropomyosin and troponin are present in thin filaments.

A&P 1 (4 decks)

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