Exam 2: Chapters 3 and 5 Flashcards
*A ___ _______ is person who reacts to stress with an all-out physiological reaction.
- This type of person tends to:
- become angry easily
- be anxious or depressed
- urinate frequently
- experience gastrointestinal problems
Hot reactor
_____________: conditions that have both a mind and body component.
- ‘Psyche’ for mind.
- ‘Soma’ for body.
Psychosomatic
__________: refers to a physical disease that is caused by emotional stress – the mind changes physiology.
-Example: Asthma
Psychogenic
____________: a psychosomatic disease that results from the mind increasing the body’s susceptibility to disease-causing microbes or natural degenerative processes.
- Weakens immune system (decrease WBCs)
- Examples: infections, flu, common cold.
Somatogenic
- ________________: the field of scientific inquiry that studies the chemical basis of communication between the mind and body, in particular, the link between the nervous system and the immune system.
- The focus of researchers in this field is on both the illness-causing and the healing effects the mind can have upon the body.
Psychoneuroimmunology
- Immunological system includes the following white blood cell groups (WBCs):
- ____ocytes
- ______ocytes (include two types of cells)
- -__ cells
- -__ cells
Phagocytes
Lymphocytes
–T cells
–B cells
Phagocytes: a type of white blood cell whose purpose is to ______ substances foreign to the body.
destroy
T cells: a type of __________ whose purpose is to destroy substances foreign to the body by puncturing invaded body cells and killing the cells and the foreign substances.
lymphocyte
B cells: a type of lymphocyte that produces _________.
antibodies
Phagocytes, lymphocytes, T and B cells share one purpose…to identify and _______ all substances foreign to the body.
destroy
________________: a condition characterized by very high levels of cholesterol in the blood.
Hypercholesterolemia
- There are two kinds of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol throughout your body.
- It is important to have a healthy level of both…
1) ___.
2) ___.
1) LDL (Low-density lipoprotein)
2) HDL (High-density lipoprotein)
Which lipoprotein is termed, “bad” cholesterol?
LDL
Which lipoprotein is termed, “good” cholesterol?
HDL
1) Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): sometimes termed “bad cholesterol,” too much LDL leads to a clogging of the _______ and, therefore, is related to the development of ______ ______ disease.
2) High-density lipoprotein (HDL): sometimes termed “good cholesterol,” HDL helps to _______ cholesterol from the body thereby lowering the chances of developing coronary heart disease.
arteries
coronary heart
remove
A total cholesterol level that is desirable is having less than…
a. 400 mg/dL
b. 250 mg/dL
c. 200 mg/dL
d. 350 mg/dL
c. 200 mg/dL
An LDL (bad) cholesterol level is said to be optimal when an individual has less than ___ mg/dL.
100 mg/dl
Having an LDL (bad) cholesterol level of anything above 130-190 mg/dL is considered…
a. optimal
b. high
c. low
high
True or false:
-Having an HDL (good) cholesterol level of less than 40 mg/dL is said to be at major risk for heart disease.
True
True or false:
-Having an HDL (good) cholesterol level of 40-60 mg/DL is considered, “The higher the better!”
True
An individual is said to be considered protective against heart disease when their HDL (good) cholesterol level is __ mg/dL and above.
60 mg/dL
________ (also termed “stroke”) is a lack of oxygen in the brain resulting from a blockage or rupture of one of the arteries that supply it.
-Depending on the exact location of the brain tissue dying from this lack of oxygen and the amount of time oxygen was denied, paralysis, speech impairment, motor-function impairment, or death may result.
Apoplexy
TMJ stands for…
Temporomandibular joint (syndrome)
- TMJ syndrome suffers may have…
- _____ pain.
- Clicking or popping sounds when they open or close their ______.
- Migraine headaches, earaches, ringing in the ears, dizziness, or sensitive teeth.
facial
mouths
The most common cause of TMJ is clenching or grinding of the ______ (termed bruxism) due to stress.
teeth
Stress can increase *\_\_\_\_\_\_\_* – clenching and/or grinding of teeth. What can be done? -- Relaxation techniques -- Biofeedback -- Dental mouthpiece
bruxism
The Office of Alternative Medicine
(Read it once and understand it)
- In 1993, Congress created the Office of Alternative Medicine within the National Institutes of Health to explore the vale of unconventional modalities in the treatment of illness and disease.
- The rational behind funding such an office was related to the large number of Americans who were turning to these treatments.
- The government decided to fund the testing of these unconventional medical treatments to provide guidance regarding which ones were effective and which were a waste of money or, worse, unsafe.
- In 2007, approximately 38% of Americans used these forms of therapy.
- In recognition of this increasing trend, the government elevated the office, creating the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM).
Yuhh.
____ is a condition that develops in people who have experienced or witnessed an extreme psychological or physical event that is interpreted as distressing.
-Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares, severe anxiety, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event.
PTSD
_______: engaging in a behavior or thought to respond to a demand.
Coping
There are three categories of appraisal…
1) ________ appraisal: judging how much of a threat is involved, and how important is the outcome.
2) ________ appraisal: determining whether resources needed to meet the demand are available.
3) _________: evaluation of whether the response made to a demand/threat was effective. (after attempts at coping).
Primary
Secondary
Reappraisal
What is a model of stress?
- A life situation
- Example: a threat, a change in one’s life –> knocks you off balance.
A model of stress
- The situation is perceived (interpreted) as _______.
- _________ reaction leads to feelings such as fear, anger, insecurity.
- These feelings lead to __________ arousal (stress reactivity).
- Consequences: poor performance (e.g., job, school, interpersonal relations), illness, possible disease.
-This stress model is an example of a ________ loop
stressful
Emotional
physiological
feedback
_______: stress that results in negative consequences such as decreased performance and growth.
Distress
_______: stress that results in positive consequences such as enhanced performance or personal growth.
Eustress
Lazarus’ Model of coping
- Lazarus perceived stress to be the result of a determination that a demand exceeds resources available to meet that demand.
- Coping is engaging in a behavior or thought to respond to a demand.
- For example, you might have a difficult final exam and perceive that as stressful that as stressful b/c it is not one of your better subjects.
- In response to this demand, you try finding a successful way to cope.
- That may mean finding a better way to learn the material.
- –Lazarus called that, “Task-oriented coping.”
- Or it might mean managing your feelings and/or accepting that the subject is not your strong suit.
- –Lazarus called that, “Emotion-focused coping.”
- To engage in their coping mechanism requires an appraisal of the demand.*
- Lazarus described three primary appraisals; primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, and reappraisal.*
1) Primary: judging how much of a threat is involved, and how important is the outcome.
2) Secondary: determining whether resources needed to meet the demand are available.
3) Reappraisal: evaluation of whether the response made to a demand/threat was effective.
Yerkes-Dodson Curve (pg. 115, fig. 5.5)
- An excellent way to envision the difference between too much stress and too little stress.
- Stress can be productive and have positive consequences, and it can also interfere with performance and have negative consequences.
- The Yerkes-Dodson Curve shows that there is a _______ stress level that maximizes performance.
optimal/moderate
Stress Management Contract
- Start right now
- Complete a contract (see p. 117)
- Plan _______ for reaching accomplishments.
- Plan __________ for not fulfilling contract
- Keep goals _______.
rewards
punishments
realistic
A __________ is an intervention used to block a stressful consequence.
roadblock
Cognitive restructuring or medications (e.g. tranquilizers, sedatives) can be used as ___________.
roadblocks
Setting up Roadblocks
- A roadblock (e.g., relaxation technique) between the perception phase and the emotion phase can be effective.
- ________ can effectively block the continuation of stress after physiological arousal has occurred.
Exercise
According to the Stress Theory Model, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ interrupt the adverse effects of stress. A) Primary appraisals B) Secondary appraisals C) Stress roadblocks D) Coping skills
C) Stress roadblocks
Eustress is a term that describes…
A) Stress that results in good consequences
B) Stress that leads to actions that are beneficial
C) Stress that encourages optimum performance
D) All of the above
D) All of the above
Cognitive appraisal of a stressful situation:
A) May differ from one person to the next
B) Is the interpretation of a stressor
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above
C) Both A and B
In the Stress Model, after a life situation is perceived as stressful, the next step is: A) Physiological arousal B) Consequences of stress C) Emotional arousal D) None of the above
C) Emotional arousal
What are interventions?
A) Activities that loved ones can do to help reduce your stress
B) Activities that you can do to help reduce your stress
C) Activities to prevent a stressor from resulting in negative consequences
D) Activities to judge how much of a threat is involved in a stressful situation
C) Activities to prevent a stressor from resulting in negative consequences
The Yerkes-Dodson curve shows that…
A) As stress increases, performance always decreases.
B) As stress increases, performance always increases.
C) As stress increases, illness always increases.
D) If you have a moderate level of stress, illness decreases and performance increases.
D) If you have a moderate level of stress, illness decreases and performance increases.
Which of Epstein's four trainable stress management skill sets has been found to be most effective? A) Prevention B) Relaxation C) Source management D) Thought management
A) Prevention
A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is when a negative consequence of stress is perceived as stressful and starts the stress model all over again. A) Roadblock B) Perception intervention C) Feedback loop D) Short circuit
C) Feedback loop
