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Stress Management > Exam 2: Chapters 3 and 5 > Flashcards

Exam 2: Chapters 3 and 5 Flashcards

1
Q

*A ___ _______ is person who reacts to stress with an all-out physiological reaction.

  • This type of person tends to:
  • become angry easily
  • be anxious or depressed
  • urinate frequently
  • experience gastrointestinal problems
A

Hot reactor

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2
Q

_____________: conditions that have both a mind and body component.

  • ‘Psyche’ for mind.
  • ‘Soma’ for body.
A

Psychosomatic

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3
Q

__________: refers to a physical disease that is caused by emotional stress – the mind changes physiology.
-Example: Asthma

A

Psychogenic

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4
Q

____________: a psychosomatic disease that results from the mind increasing the body’s susceptibility to disease-causing microbes or natural degenerative processes.

  • Weakens immune system (decrease WBCs)
  • Examples: infections, flu, common cold.
A

Somatogenic

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5
Q
  • ________________: the field of scientific inquiry that studies the chemical basis of communication between the mind and body, in particular, the link between the nervous system and the immune system.
  • The focus of researchers in this field is on both the illness-causing and the healing effects the mind can have upon the body.
A

Psychoneuroimmunology

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6
Q
  • Immunological system includes the following white blood cell groups (WBCs):
  • ____ocytes
  • ______ocytes (include two types of cells)
  • -__ cells
  • -__ cells
A

Phagocytes
Lymphocytes
–T cells
–B cells

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7
Q

Phagocytes: a type of white blood cell whose purpose is to ______ substances foreign to the body.

A

destroy

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8
Q

T cells: a type of __________ whose purpose is to destroy substances foreign to the body by puncturing invaded body cells and killing the cells and the foreign substances.

A

lymphocyte

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9
Q

B cells: a type of lymphocyte that produces _________.

A

antibodies

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10
Q

Phagocytes, lymphocytes, T and B cells share one purpose…to identify and _______ all substances foreign to the body.

A

destroy

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11
Q

________________: a condition characterized by very high levels of cholesterol in the blood.

A

Hypercholesterolemia

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12
Q
  • There are two kinds of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol throughout your body.
  • It is important to have a healthy level of both…
    1) ___.
    2) ___.
A

1) LDL (Low-density lipoprotein)

2) HDL (High-density lipoprotein)

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13
Q

Which lipoprotein is termed, “bad” cholesterol?

A

LDL

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14
Q

Which lipoprotein is termed, “good” cholesterol?

A

HDL

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15
Q

1) Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): sometimes termed “bad cholesterol,” too much LDL leads to a clogging of the _______ and, therefore, is related to the development of ______ ______ disease.
2) High-density lipoprotein (HDL): sometimes termed “good cholesterol,” HDL helps to _______ cholesterol from the body thereby lowering the chances of developing coronary heart disease.

A

arteries
coronary heart

remove

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16
Q

A total cholesterol level that is desirable is having less than…

a. 400 mg/dL
b. 250 mg/dL
c. 200 mg/dL
d. 350 mg/dL

A

c. 200 mg/dL

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17
Q

An LDL (bad) cholesterol level is said to be optimal when an individual has less than ___ mg/dL.

A

100 mg/dl

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18
Q

Having an LDL (bad) cholesterol level of anything above 130-190 mg/dL is considered…

a. optimal
b. high
c. low

A

high

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19
Q

True or false:

-Having an HDL (good) cholesterol level of less than 40 mg/dL is said to be at major risk for heart disease.

A

True

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20
Q

True or false:

-Having an HDL (good) cholesterol level of 40-60 mg/DL is considered, “The higher the better!”

A

True

21
Q

An individual is said to be considered protective against heart disease when their HDL (good) cholesterol level is __ mg/dL and above.

A

60 mg/dL

22
Q

________ (also termed “stroke”) is a lack of oxygen in the brain resulting from a blockage or rupture of one of the arteries that supply it.
-Depending on the exact location of the brain tissue dying from this lack of oxygen and the amount of time oxygen was denied, paralysis, speech impairment, motor-function impairment, or death may result.

A

Apoplexy

23
Q

TMJ stands for…

A

Temporomandibular joint (syndrome)

24
Q
  • TMJ syndrome suffers may have…
  • _____ pain.
  • Clicking or popping sounds when they open or close their ______.
  • Migraine headaches, earaches, ringing in the ears, dizziness, or sensitive teeth.
A

facial

mouths

25
Q

The most common cause of TMJ is clenching or grinding of the ______ (termed bruxism) due to stress.

A

teeth

26
Q 
Stress can increase *\_\_\_\_\_\_\_* – clenching and/or grinding of teeth.
What can be done?
	-- Relaxation techniques
	-- Biofeedback
	-- Dental mouthpiece
A

bruxism

27
Q

The Office of Alternative Medicine

(Read it once and understand it)

  • In 1993, Congress created the Office of Alternative Medicine within the National Institutes of Health to explore the vale of unconventional modalities in the treatment of illness and disease.
  • The rational behind funding such an office was related to the large number of Americans who were turning to these treatments.
  • The government decided to fund the testing of these unconventional medical treatments to provide guidance regarding which ones were effective and which were a waste of money or, worse, unsafe.
  • In 2007, approximately 38% of Americans used these forms of therapy.
  • In recognition of this increasing trend, the government elevated the office, creating the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM).
A

Yuhh.

28
Q

____ is a condition that develops in people who have experienced or witnessed an extreme psychological or physical event that is interpreted as distressing.
-Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares, severe anxiety, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event.

A

PTSD

29
Q

_______: engaging in a behavior or thought to respond to a demand.

A

Coping

30
Q

There are three categories of appraisal…

1) ________ appraisal: judging how much of a threat is involved, and how important is the outcome.
2) ________ appraisal: determining whether resources needed to meet the demand are available.
3) _________: evaluation of whether the response made to a demand/threat was effective. (after attempts at coping).

A

Primary
Secondary
Reappraisal

31
Q

What is a model of stress?

A
  • A life situation

- Example: a threat, a change in one’s life –> knocks you off balance.

32
Q

A model of stress

  • The situation is perceived (interpreted) as _______.
  • _________ reaction leads to feelings such as fear, anger, insecurity.
  • These feelings lead to __________ arousal (stress reactivity).
  • Consequences: poor performance (e.g., job, school, interpersonal relations), illness, possible disease.

-This stress model is an example of a ________ loop

A

stressful

Emotional

physiological

feedback

33
Q

_______: stress that results in negative consequences such as decreased performance and growth.

A

Distress

34
Q

_______: stress that results in positive consequences such as enhanced performance or personal growth.

A

Eustress

35
Q

Lazarus’ Model of coping

  • Lazarus perceived stress to be the result of a determination that a demand exceeds resources available to meet that demand.
  • Coping is engaging in a behavior or thought to respond to a demand.
  • For example, you might have a difficult final exam and perceive that as stressful that as stressful b/c it is not one of your better subjects.
  • In response to this demand, you try finding a successful way to cope.
  • That may mean finding a better way to learn the material.
  • –Lazarus called that, “Task-oriented coping.”
  • Or it might mean managing your feelings and/or accepting that the subject is not your strong suit.
  • –Lazarus called that, “Emotion-focused coping.”
  • To engage in their coping mechanism requires an appraisal of the demand.*
  • Lazarus described three primary appraisals; primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, and reappraisal.*
A

1) Primary: judging how much of a threat is involved, and how important is the outcome.
2) Secondary: determining whether resources needed to meet the demand are available.
3) Reappraisal: evaluation of whether the response made to a demand/threat was effective.

36
Q

Yerkes-Dodson Curve (pg. 115, fig. 5.5)

  • An excellent way to envision the difference between too much stress and too little stress.
  • Stress can be productive and have positive consequences, and it can also interfere with performance and have negative consequences.
  • The Yerkes-Dodson Curve shows that there is a _______ stress level that maximizes performance.
A

optimal/moderate

37
Q

Stress Management Contract

  • Start right now
  • Complete a contract (see p. 117)
  • Plan _______ for reaching accomplishments.
  • Plan __________ for not fulfilling contract
  • Keep goals _______.
A

rewards
punishments
realistic

38
Q

A __________ is an intervention used to block a stressful consequence.

A

roadblock

39
Q

Cognitive restructuring or medications (e.g. tranquilizers, sedatives) can be used as ___________.

A

roadblocks

40
Q

Setting up Roadblocks

  • A roadblock (e.g., relaxation technique) between the perception phase and the emotion phase can be effective.
  • ________ can effectively block the continuation of stress after physiological arousal has occurred.
A

Exercise

41
Q 
According to the Stress Theory Model, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ interrupt the adverse effects of stress.
A)	Primary appraisals
B)	Secondary appraisals
C)	Stress roadblocks
D)	Coping skills
A

C) Stress roadblocks

42
Q

Eustress is a term that describes…
A) Stress that results in good consequences
B) Stress that leads to actions that are beneficial
C) Stress that encourages optimum performance
D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

43
Q

Cognitive appraisal of a stressful situation:
A) May differ from one person to the next
B) Is the interpretation of a stressor
C) Both A and B
D) None of the above

A

C) Both A and B

44
Q 
In the Stress Model, after a life situation is perceived as stressful, the next step is:
A)	Physiological arousal
B)	Consequences of stress
C)	Emotional arousal
D)	None of the above
A

C) Emotional arousal

45
Q

What are interventions?
A) Activities that loved ones can do to help reduce your stress
B) Activities that you can do to help reduce your stress
C) Activities to prevent a stressor from resulting in negative consequences
D) Activities to judge how much of a threat is involved in a stressful situation

A

C) Activities to prevent a stressor from resulting in negative consequences

46
Q

The Yerkes-Dodson curve shows that…
A) As stress increases, performance always decreases.
B) As stress increases, performance always increases.
C) As stress increases, illness always increases.
D) If you have a moderate level of stress, illness decreases and performance increases.

A

D) If you have a moderate level of stress, illness decreases and performance increases.

47
Q 
Which of Epstein's four trainable stress management skill sets has been found to be most effective?
A)	Prevention
B)	Relaxation
C)	Source management
D)	Thought management
A

A) Prevention

48
Q 
A \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is when a negative consequence of stress is perceived as stressful and starts the stress model all over again.
A)	Roadblock
B)	Perception intervention
C)	Feedback loop
D)	Short circuit
A

C) Feedback loop

Stress Management (5 decks)

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