Exam 2: Chapters 3 and 5

Question 1

*A ___ _______ is person who reacts to stress with an all-out physiological reaction.

• This type of person tends to:
• become angry easily
• be anxious or depressed
• urinate frequently
• experience gastrointestinal problems

Answer 1

Hot reactor

Question 2

_____________: conditions that have both a mind and body component.

• ‘Psyche’ for mind.
• ‘Soma’ for body.

Answer 2

Psychosomatic

Question 3

__________: refers to a physical disease that is caused by emotional stress – the mind changes physiology.
-Example: Asthma

Answer 3

Psychogenic

Question 4

____________: a psychosomatic disease that results from the mind increasing the body’s susceptibility to disease-causing microbes or natural degenerative processes.

• Weakens immune system (decrease WBCs)
• Examples: infections, flu, common cold.

Answer 4

Somatogenic

Question 5

• ________________: the field of scientific inquiry that studies the chemical basis of communication between the mind and body, in particular, the link between the nervous system and the immune system.
• The focus of researchers in this field is on both the illness-causing and the healing effects the mind can have upon the body.

Answer 5

Psychoneuroimmunology

Question 6

• Immunological system includes the following white blood cell groups (WBCs):
• ____ocytes
• ______ocytes (include two types of cells)
• -__ cells
• -__ cells

Answer 6

Phagocytes
Lymphocytes
–T cells
–B cells

Question 7

Phagocytes: a type of white blood cell whose purpose is to ______ substances foreign to the body.

Answer 7

destroy

Question 8

T cells: a type of __________ whose purpose is to destroy substances foreign to the body by puncturing invaded body cells and killing the cells and the foreign substances.

Answer 8

lymphocyte

Question 9

B cells: a type of lymphocyte that produces _________.

Answer 9

antibodies

Question 10

Phagocytes, lymphocytes, T and B cells share one purpose…to identify and _______ all substances foreign to the body.

Answer 10

destroy

Question 11

________________: a condition characterized by very high levels of cholesterol in the blood.

Answer 11

Hypercholesterolemia

Question 12

• There are two kinds of lipoproteins that carry cholesterol throughout your body.
• It is important to have a healthy level of both…
  1) ___.
  2) ___.

Answer 12

1) LDL (Low-density lipoprotein)

2) HDL (High-density lipoprotein)

Question 13

Which lipoprotein is termed, “bad” cholesterol?

Answer 13

LDL

Question 14

Which lipoprotein is termed, “good” cholesterol?

Answer 14

HDL

Question 15

1) Low-density lipoprotein (LDL): sometimes termed “bad cholesterol,” too much LDL leads to a clogging of the _______ and, therefore, is related to the development of ______ ______ disease.
2) High-density lipoprotein (HDL): sometimes termed “good cholesterol,” HDL helps to _______ cholesterol from the body thereby lowering the chances of developing coronary heart disease.

Answer 15

arteries
coronary heart

remove

Question 16

A total cholesterol level that is desirable is having less than…

a. 400 mg/dL
b. 250 mg/dL
c. 200 mg/dL
d. 350 mg/dL

Answer 16

c. 200 mg/dL

Question 17

An LDL (bad) cholesterol level is said to be optimal when an individual has less than ___ mg/dL.

Answer 17

100 mg/dl

Question 18

Having an LDL (bad) cholesterol level of anything above 130-190 mg/dL is considered…

a. optimal
b. high
c. low

Answer 18

high

Question 19

True or false:

-Having an HDL (good) cholesterol level of less than 40 mg/dL is said to be at major risk for heart disease.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

True or false:

-Having an HDL (good) cholesterol level of 40-60 mg/DL is considered, “The higher the better!”

Answer 20

True

Question 21

An individual is said to be considered protective against heart disease when their HDL (good) cholesterol level is __ mg/dL and above.

Answer 21

60 mg/dL

Question 22

________ (also termed “stroke”) is a lack of oxygen in the brain resulting from a blockage or rupture of one of the arteries that supply it.
-Depending on the exact location of the brain tissue dying from this lack of oxygen and the amount of time oxygen was denied, paralysis, speech impairment, motor-function impairment, or death may result.

Answer 22

Apoplexy

Question 23

TMJ stands for…

Answer 23

Temporomandibular joint (syndrome)

Question 24

• TMJ syndrome suffers may have…
• _____ pain.
• Clicking or popping sounds when they open or close their ______.
• Migraine headaches, earaches, ringing in the ears, dizziness, or sensitive teeth.

Answer 24

facial

mouths

Question 25

The most common cause of TMJ is clenching or grinding of the ______ (termed bruxism) due to stress.

Answer 25

teeth

Question 26

``` Stress can increase *_______* – clenching and/or grinding of teeth. What can be done? -- Relaxation techniques -- Biofeedback -- Dental mouthpiece ```

Answer 26

bruxism

Question 27

The Office of Alternative Medicine (Read it once and understand it) - In 1993, Congress created the Office of Alternative Medicine within the National Institutes of Health to explore the vale of unconventional modalities in the treatment of illness and disease. - The rational behind funding such an office was related to the large number of Americans who were turning to these treatments. - The government decided to fund the testing of these unconventional medical treatments to provide guidance regarding which ones were effective and which were a waste of money or, worse, unsafe. - In 2007, approximately 38% of Americans used these forms of therapy. - In recognition of this increasing trend, the government elevated the office, creating the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NCCAM).

Answer 27

Yuhh.

Question 28

____ is a condition that develops in people who have experienced or witnessed an extreme psychological or physical event that is interpreted as distressing. -Symptoms may include flashbacks, nightmares, severe anxiety, and uncontrollable thoughts about the event.

Answer 28

PTSD

Question 29

_______: engaging in a behavior or thought to respond to a demand.

Answer 29

Coping

Question 30

There are *three* categories of appraisal... 1) ________ appraisal: judging *how much of a threat* is involved, and how important is the outcome. 2) ________ appraisal: determining whether *resources* needed to meet the demand are *available*. 3) _________: evaluation of whether the response made to a demand/threat was *effective*. (after attempts at coping).

Answer 30

Primary Secondary Reappraisal

Question 31

What is a model of stress?

Answer 31

- A life situation | - Example: a threat, a change in one’s life --> knocks you off balance.

Question 32

A model of stress - The situation is perceived (interpreted) as _______. - _________ reaction leads to feelings such as fear, anger, insecurity. - These feelings lead to __________ arousal (stress reactivity). - Consequences: poor performance (e.g., job, school, interpersonal relations), illness, possible disease. -This stress model is an example of a ________ loop

Answer 32

stressful Emotional physiological feedback

Question 33

_______: stress that results in negative consequences such as decreased performance and growth.

Answer 33

Distress

Question 34

_______: stress that results in positive consequences such as enhanced performance or personal growth.

Answer 34

Eustress

Question 35

Lazarus’ Model of coping - Lazarus perceived *stress* to be the result of a determination that a demand exceeds resources available to meet that demand. - *Coping* is engaging in a behavior or thought to respond to a demand. - For example, you might have a difficult final exam and perceive that as stressful that as stressful b/c it is not one of your better subjects. - In response to this *demand*, you try finding a successful way to cope. - That may mean finding a better way to learn the material. - --Lazarus called that, "Task-oriented coping." - Or it might mean managing your feelings and/or accepting that the subject is not your strong suit. - --Lazarus called that, "Emotion-focused coping." * **To engage in their coping mechanism requires an appraisal of the demand.*** * **Lazarus described three primary appraisals; primary appraisal, secondary appraisal, and reappraisal.***

Answer 35

1) Primary: judging *how much of a threat* is involved, and how important is the outcome. 2) Secondary: determining whether *resources* needed to meet the demand are *available*. 3) Reappraisal: evaluation of whether the response made to a demand/threat was *effective*.

Question 36

Yerkes-Dodson Curve (pg. 115, fig. 5.5) - An excellent way to envision the difference between too much stress and too little stress. - Stress can be productive and have positive consequences, and it can also interfere with performance and have negative consequences. - The Yerkes-Dodson Curve shows that there is a _______ stress level that maximizes performance.

Answer 36

optimal/moderate

Question 37

Stress Management Contract - Start right now - Complete a contract (see p. 117) - Plan _______ for reaching accomplishments. - Plan __________ for not fulfilling contract - Keep goals _______.

Answer 37

rewards punishments realistic

Question 38

A __________ is an intervention used to block a stressful consequence.

Answer 38

roadblock

Question 39

Cognitive restructuring or medications (e.g. tranquilizers, sedatives) can be used as ___________.

Answer 39

roadblocks

Question 40

Setting up Roadblocks - A roadblock (e.g., relaxation technique) between the perception phase and the emotion phase can be effective. - ________ can effectively block the continuation of stress after physiological arousal has occurred.

Answer 40

Exercise

Question 41

``` According to the Stress Theory Model, __________ interrupt the adverse effects of stress. A) Primary appraisals B) Secondary appraisals C) Stress roadblocks D) Coping skills ```

Answer 41

C) Stress roadblocks

Question 42

Eustress is a term that describes… A) Stress that results in good consequences B) Stress that leads to actions that are beneficial C) Stress that encourages optimum performance D) All of the above

Answer 42

D) All of the above

Question 43

Cognitive appraisal of a stressful situation: A) May differ from one person to the next B) Is the interpretation of a stressor C) Both A and B D) None of the above

Answer 43

C) Both A and B

Question 44

``` In the Stress Model, after a life situation is perceived as stressful, the next step is: A) Physiological arousal B) Consequences of stress C) Emotional arousal D) None of the above ```

Answer 44

C) Emotional arousal

Question 45

What are interventions? A) Activities that loved ones can do to help reduce your stress B) Activities that you can do to help reduce your stress C) Activities to prevent a stressor from resulting in negative consequences D) Activities to judge how much of a threat is involved in a stressful situation

Answer 45

C) Activities to prevent a stressor from resulting in negative consequences

Question 46

The Yerkes-Dodson curve shows that… A) As stress increases, performance always decreases. B) As stress increases, performance always increases. C) As stress increases, illness always increases. D) If you have a moderate level of stress, illness decreases and performance increases.

Answer 46

D) If you have a moderate level of stress, illness decreases and performance increases.

Question 47

``` Which of Epstein's four trainable stress management skill sets has been found to be most effective? A) Prevention B) Relaxation C) Source management D) Thought management ```

Answer 47

A) Prevention

Question 48

``` A __________ is when a negative consequence of stress is perceived as stressful and starts the stress model all over again. A) Roadblock B) Perception intervention C) Feedback loop D) Short circuit ```

Answer 48

C) Feedback loop