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BIOL 322 Genetics > Exam 2 - Chapter 7: Sexual Inheritance > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Chapter 7: Sexual Inheritance Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does homogametic mean?

A

two of the same type of chromosome; typically referring to sex chromosomes

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2
Q

What does heterogametic mean?

A

two different types of a chromosome: typically referring to sex chromosomes

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3
Q

What does hemizygous mean?

A

Only one copy of a gene

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4
Q

What is sperm in reference to number of sex chromosomes?

A

hemizygous

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5
Q

What are autosomes?

A

Non sex determining chromosomes

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6
Q

What are sex chromosomes?

A

Chromosomes that differ in males and females and determine sex

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7
Q

What is sexual dimorphism?

A

Difference in appearance or characteristics between sexes of the same species

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8
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

visual representation of an individuals chromosomes in an organized format

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9
Q

What is x-linked inheritance?

A

When a gene is only located on the X sex chromosomes and not Y

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10
Q

What is criss cross inheritance?

A

A trait is passed from one sex to the opposite sex and then to the next generation

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11
Q

What typically causes criss-cross inheritance?

A

X-linked inheritance

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12
Q

What is pseudoautosomal inertitance?

A

Gene is bound on both X and Y chromosome so inheritance acts like autosomal

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13
Q

What is Holandric inheritance?

A

Y-linked inheritance

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14
Q

What is Y-inheritance and how does it manifest in generations?

A

Gene found of Y chromosome and does not skip generations

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15
Q

What are sex-limited traits?

A

gene is located on autosomal chromosome but expression is influenced by sex chromosomes

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16
Q

What is X chromosome nondisjunction?

A

when meiosis I produces an ovum with two X chromosomes and an ovum with no X chromosomes

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17
Q

How does nondisjunction in meiosis I affect gametes?

A

One gamete with both homologs and one with neither before meiosis II occurs

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18
Q

How does non-disjunction in meiosis II affect gametes?

A

One gamete is contains 2 sister chromatids and one contains neither

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19
Q

What does Sry stand for?

A

Sex-determining region Y

20
Q

What is the Sry and its function?

A

A gene of the Y chromosome that encodes for protein testis-determining factor (TSD)

21
Q

What is the function of testis-determining factor?

A

testis differentiation and male sexual development

22
Q

What does XXY result in?

A

Male sexual development

23
Q

What does XO result in?

A

Female sexual development

24
Q

What does Sxl stand for and what organism does it exist in?

A

sex lethal gene; drosophila

25
Q

What chromosome is Sxl located on?

A

X chromosome

26
Q

What occurs if the Sxl is deleted?

A

XX develop as males but die, XO is unaffected and develop as males

27
Q

What occurs in XX embryos if Sxl gene is present?

A

Triggers dsx gene to express female isoform

28
Q

What occurs in X embryos if Sxl is present?

A

Sxl gene is not turned on and dsx gene exists as male isoform; X is hypertranscribed

29
Q

What is ratio based sex determination?

A

What sex is determined by ration of sex chromosomes rather than presence of a specific sex chromosome

30
Q

How does mosaicism occur by influencing XXY?

A

Miotic descents of original XXY cell lose either X or Y and subsequent cells in the area develop without the chromosome

31
Q

What is a ZZ sex chromosome combination mean?

A

Male in birds

32
Q

What is a ZW sex chromosome combination mean?

A

female in birds

33
Q

What is a mating type?

A

A gene with two alleles that determine sex; allele based sex determination

34
Q

What is haplodiploid?

A

When one sex is haploid and the other is diploid

35
Q

What kind of sex determination is haplodiploidy?

A

Allele based

36
Q

What is paternal genome elimination?

A

both parental genomes are used to fertilize offspring and produce a zygote, but males genome is eliminated after

37
Q

What is parthogenesis?

A

reproduction where ovum receives full diploid genome from a single parent and passes it on the offspring; no outside fertilization needed

38
Q

What is environmental sex determination?

A

Sex is determined by environmental signal during development

39
Q

What is dosage compensation in sex chromosomes?

A

controlling levels of expression of sex-linked genes based on the sex of the individual or number of sex chromosomes

40
Q

What is the dosage compensation complex (DCC)?

A

complex of protein and RNA recruited to X-chromosome is responsible for increasing transcription of X-linked genes

41
Q

How many sex chromosomes are transcribed in mammals?

A

Only one X in females and males

42
Q

What is a Barr body or sex chromatin body?

A

A chromosome that has been condensed into heterochromatin and localized to the nuclear membrane so it is not transcribed

43
Q

How is one of the X chromosomes in female mammals inactivated?

A

It is transformed into a Barr body

44
Q

How does calico pattern in cats result?

A

Different X chromosomes are turned into Barr bodies in different parts of the body

45
Q

What is a Xist?

A

A huge piece of RNA that helps shut down a chromosome is resides in and contributes to making Barr bodies

BIOL 322 Genetics (9 decks)

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