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BIOL 322 Genetics > Exam 1 - Chp 2: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology > Flashcards

Exam 1 - Chp 2: The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

A

Framework of genetic information going from DNA to protein

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2
Q

What is a gene?

A

A unit of inheritance encoded for within the DNA

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3
Q

What are two key characteristics of a gene?

A

Must be inherited
Must be expressed to produce a phenotype or component of one

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4
Q

Where does the phosphate back bone reside on a dNTP?

A

The 5’ carbon

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5
Q

How does deoxyribose differ from ribose?

A

deoxyribose has a 2 hydrogens at the 2’ carbon, rather than a hydroxyl group like ribose

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6
Q

Which direction is DNA synthesized?

A

5’ → 3’ direction

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7
Q

What does dNTP stand for?

A

Deoxynucleotide triphosphate

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8
Q

What are dNTPs?

A

The base, sugar, and triple phosphate backbone molecules that are added ass nucleotides during DNA synthesis

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9
Q

What powers addition of nucleotides?

A

The breaking off of 2 of the phosphate groups on the phosphate backbone of the dNTP being added

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10
Q

Where does the hydroxyl group where new bases are added reside on dNTP?

A

The 3’ carbon

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11
Q

What bond holds nucleotides together?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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12
Q

What direction do complimentary DNA strand run relative to each other?

A

opposite 5’ → 3’ directions

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13
Q

What gives DNA molecules their charge?

A

Negatively charged phosphate groups

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14
Q

What causes DNA to twist and form the helical structure?

A

Arrangement of the sugar phosphate backbone naturally leads to a twisting motion

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15
Q

What are the four components of DNA gel electrophoresis

A

DNA
Agarose gel
EtBr (Sybrsafe or Smart glow)
Dye/Gycerol

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16
Q

What does agarose gel do during DNA gel electrophoresis?

A

Separate DNA based on size using pores that slow down larger DNA molecules

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17
Q

Where are smaller DNA molecules seen on a gel compared to larger ones?

A

further from the sample loading location (wells)

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18
Q

What does EtBr, Sybersafe, or Smartglow do during DNA gel electrophoresis?

A

Inserts between bases of DNA and fluoresces under UV light or blue light

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19
Q

What is the purpose of EtBr, Sybersafe, or Smartglow during DNA gel electrophoresis?

A

Cause DNA bands to fluoresce under UV light for distinct visualization

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20
Q

What is dye/glycerol used in gel electrophoresis?

A

A mixture of loading dye and glycerol

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21
Q

What is purpose of loading dye in gel electrophoresis?

A

Attaches to DNA and colors it to ease loading of well and ensure migration of samples across the well

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22
Q

What is the purpose of glycerol in gel electrophoresis?

A

Make the solution sample more viscous to help loading and protect nucleic acids

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23
Q

What two bases are pyrimides?

A

Thymine and Cytosine

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24
Q

Are purines larger or smaller than pyrimides?

A

Larger

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25
Q

What two bases are pyrimides?

A

Adenine and Guanine

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26
Q

Which two bases pair using 2 hydrogen bonds?

A

Adenine and Thymine

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27
Q

Which two bases pair using 3 hydrogen bonds?

A

Guanine and Cytosine

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28
Q

How does a higher number of G-C pairs in a DNA molecule affects its melting temp? Why?

A

Increases it because their are more hydrogen bonds between bases

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29
Q

How does double stranded DNA maintain a consistent distance between the two strands?

A

Pyrimides pairs with purines

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30
Q

Are pyrimides larger or smaller than purines?

A

Smaller

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31
Q

What is hybridization?

A

The process of two complimentary RNA and/or DNA molecules binding together to form a double stranded molecules

32
Q

How are sequences labeled in hybridization experiments? (3 steps)

A

1) DNA double strand is disassociated using heat
2) Add primer containing a labeled nucleotide
3) Extend the primer strand via replication, specific nucleotide will continue to be labeled* (ex. T*)

33
Q

What is a primer?

A

A form of oligonucleotide.
A primer is short strand of DNA sequence that is complimentary to a specific sequence of DNA so it can be used for identification

34
Q

What are oligonucelotides?

A

DNA synthesized in the lab that can be used to bind to a larger stretch of DNA

35
Q

What is FISH?

A

Fluorescent in-situ hydridization

36
Q

What is the purpose of FISH?

A

To find matching chromosomes by observing matching alleles seen using the fluorescence

37
Q

What process does FISh rely on?

A

Specific base pairing via hybridization

38
Q

Who coined the term Central Dogma?

A

Francis Crick

39
Q

What is the meaning of dogma?

A

a belief that cannot be challenge without challenging an organizations fundamental principles

40
Q

What are three ways RNA differs from DNA

A

Single Stranded
Unstable due to extra hydroxyl group on 2’ carbon
Uses uracil as a base rather than thymine

41
Q

What is the coding strand?

A

The strand in a double stranded DNA molecule opposite to the strand that RNA polymerase base pairs to during RNA synthesis

42
Q

What is the template strand?

A

The strand in a double stranded DNA molecule that RNA is paired to during RNA synthesis

43
Q

How is the coding strand related to the RNA sequence transcribed during RNA synthesis?

A

It has the same sequence in the same 5’ → 3’ direction as the RNA strand synthesized during transcription

44
Q

How is the template strand related to the RNA sequence transcribed during RNA synthesis?

A

The sequences are complimentary and run antiparallel

45
Q

What does antiparallel mean interms of DNA strands?

A

Complimentary DNA strands run in opposite 5’ → 3’ directions

46
Q

What is reverse transcription?

A

Creating 2 complimentary strand of DNA from mRNA

47
Q

What enzyme performes reverse transcription?

A

Reverse transcriptase

48
Q

What is DNA produced from reverse transcription called?

A

Complimentary DNA (cDNA)

49
Q

What part of DNA does cDNA include?

A

only mRNA encoding portions

50
Q

What are three useful applications of complimentary DNA?

A

Insert into plasmids to determine protein function
More stable than mRNA for sequencing
Increase expression of proteins

51
Q

What organisms regulates the highest percentage of their genome by transcription? What percent?

A

Bacteria; 90%

52
Q

What is a transcription profile?

A

A snapshot of a transcriptome that shows everything transcribed and relative amounts

53
Q

What percentage of human DNA is protein coding?

A

1.5%

54
Q

What percentage of human DNA its transcribed in some form?

A

70-80%

55
Q

What is mRNA?

A

RNA that will be translated into a sequence of amino acids

56
Q

Why can one gene create many polypeptides?

A

alternative splicing

57
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

The process of excising introns from precursor mRNA and arranging the remaining exons according to the protein being created

58
Q

Where are amino acids added on a polypeptide chain?

A

The amine group of the amino acid is added to the carboxyl group of the end of the polypeptide

59
Q

In increasing order, list the bases in a codon likely to affect amino acid identity? (1st, 2nd, 3rd)?

A

3rd, 2nd, 1st

60
Q

How many possible reading frames are there in a DNA molecule?

A

6

61
Q

What is a frameshift mutation?

A

When the frame being read is shift a base over from the correct frame resulting in a completely different polypeptide

62
Q

What are three similarities between RNA and DNA sequences?

A

Assembled from smaller subunits; require energy and bond formation
Both read only in one direction
Information content is embedded in the sequence of subunits

63
Q

What is tRNA? What does it do?

A

Transfer RNA; carries amino acid on one end and anti codon on other for polypeptide synthesis

64
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

A complimentary base sequence used to identify codons

65
Q

What is rRNA? What does it do?

A

Ribosomal RNA; contributes to structure of ribosomes

66
Q

What is miRNA? What does it do?

A

Micro RNA; small strands, 30-50 bases, that find compliment mRNA and inhibit expression or target for degradation

67
Q

What is lncRNA?

A

Long non-coding RNA; regulates gene expression by interacting with other structures, organizes and maintains nuclear structure, support for protein and/or RNA complexes

68
Q

What structure is responsible for alternative splicing?

A

Splicesome; a complex of protein and snRNA (small nuclear RNA)

69
Q

What is the open reading frame?

A

the actual coding portion of the gene containing no stop codons; exclusively exons

70
Q

What are regulatory regions on the gene?

A

Region upstream of promoter region that influences when and how much transcription occurs by using different transcription factor combinations

71
Q

What is the core promoter region of a gene?

A

It is located just before the transcription start site and is where RNA polymerase binds

72
Q

What percentage of protein coding genes encode for transcription factors?

A

5-10%

73
Q

How many wells can a microarray chip hold?

A

1 million

74
Q

What are the three steps of using a microarray chip?

A

1) Synthesize specific sequence tags for each gene being identified in each well
2) Make labeled cDNA from RNA and hybridize to microarray chip
3) Evaluate intensity of label in each well to see if gene expressed

75
Q

What are the four general steps of RNA sequencing?

A

1) Isolate RNA in bulk
2) Make cDNAs
3) Sequences cDNAs
4) Computationally align sequences to gene to see what was expressed/how much

BIOL 322 Genetics (9 decks)

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