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BIOL 322 Genetics > Exam 2 - Chapter 11: Gene Movement > Flashcards

Exam 2 - Chapter 11: Gene Movement Flashcards

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1
Q

What is PsB102?

A

A common plasmid used to insert DNA into plant genomes

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2
Q

What does MCS stand for?

A

multiple cloning site

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3
Q

What is the function of an MCS in a plasmid used for cloning?

A

contains many kinds of restriction enzymes cut sites to insert DNA vector

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4
Q

What does ORI stand for?

A

origin of replication

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5
Q

What is the function of AmpR gene in a cloning plasmid?

A

Resistance to ampicillin so plates can be grown on ampicillin to prevent containmination

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6
Q

What are the 3 steps of molecular cloning using a plasmid?

A

1) mix DNA vectors with plasmids and amplify with PCR
2) plate cells on media with ampicillin, X-Gal, and IPTG
3) Cells without plasmid will die and those without gene of interest will be blue

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7
Q

What is the function of LacZ gene in cloning plasmids?

A

The MCS is located within LacZ, so with SUCCESSFUL insertion the lacZ will be broken up and NOT interact with X-Gal and turn blue

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8
Q

Why does antibiotic resistance develop rapidly?

A

bacteria have lots of genetic variability because they reproduce very rapidly

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9
Q

What are four sources of antibiotic resistance?

A

1) alteration of antibiotic binding site
2) change in ribosome structure
3) efflux membrane proteins that expel antibiotics
4) direct inactivation of antibiotics

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10
Q

What is a resistance gene?

A

A gene that encodes for a protein that withstands a stressing agent such as herbicide or antibiotics

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11
Q

What is vertical gene transfer?

A

DNA is transmitted from one generation to the next via cell division

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12
Q

What is the effect of vertical gene transfer on genetic content?

A

Variation and mutations are slight and offspring have mostly identical genetic content

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13
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer?

A

bacteria transfer DNA from donor to recipient and the recipient integrates it into its own genome and passes it to offspring

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14
Q

What is transformation?

A

An individual takes up free DNA from the environment and incorporates it into its own genome

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15
Q

What are competent cells?

A

Cells that are capable of taking in environmental DNA and incorporating it into their genomes

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16
Q

What a frequent cause of transformation by competent cells?

A

stress response

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17
Q

What is conjugation?

A

transfer of DNA from one cell to another via direction contact

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18
Q

What are three types of horizontal gene transfer?

A

1) Conjugation
2) Transformation
3) Transduction

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19
Q

What mediates conjugation?

A

transfer genes encoded in the donor cell genome

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20
Q

What is an F+ donor?

A

Bacterial cell that makes sex pilus and passes F+ plasmid to recipient

21
Q

What is an F- recipient?

A

Bacterial cell that receives F+ plasmid from F+ donor

22
Q

What is an Hfr cell?

A

A cell that has incorporated F+ plasmid into its chromosomal DNA and can transmit plasmid (and potentially some its own DNA) to another cell via sex pilus

23
Q

What is a sex pilus?

A

A structure that a Hfr or F+ cell makes to connect with an F- cell and pass a plasmid

24
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Small circular pieces of DNA that exist separately from chromosomal DNA

25
Q

What is the structure of a virus genome?

A

Variable; DNA or RNA, double or single stranded

26
Q

What is a capsid?

A

The protein head of a virus phage that encases the genetic material

27
Q

What the three steps of lytic cycle?

A

1) phage infects cells and inserts its genetic material
2) host cell makes new phage proteins and assembles phages
3) host cell is lysed and phages are released

28
Q

When does the cell enact the lytic versus lysogenic cycle?

A

Lytic cycle when conditions are favorable (a lot of cells around); lysogenic when not

29
Q

What are the three steps of the lysogenic cycle?

A

1) The phage insets its DNA into the host cell as a plasmid
2) Plasmid integrates into cell chromosome
3) cell undergoes cell division, spreading DNA that encodes for more phages to daughter cells

30
Q

What is transduction?

A

When a phage incorporates a part of the host DNA

31
Q

Why does transduction occur?

A

As phages assemble in cell they try to pick up as much DNA as possible and sometimes incorporate host DNA

32
Q

What is transposition?

A

When a DNA sequence jumps from one location in a genome to another

33
Q

What is a transposable element/transposon?

A

Mobile DNA segment that performs transposition

34
Q

Who discovered transposition? When? Using what organism?

A

Barbara McClintock; 1950s; corn

35
Q

What is the Ac gene?

A

Encodes for transposase that stimulates transposition of Ds in corn kernels

36
Q

What is Ds gene?

A

A transposable gene in corn that interrupts purple and colorless alleles, causing variation or lack of color

37
Q

What is transposase?

A

An enzyme that recognizes inverted repeats and catalyzes the removal and insertion of a transposable element

38
Q

What is a restrotransposon?

A

A transposable element that encodes for RNA which is use to create double stranded DNA that is inserted into a a new location

39
Q

What is reverse transcriptase and its function in retrotransposons?

A

encodes for DNA strand that will be inserted using RNA transcribed from retrotransposon gene

40
Q

What does LTR stand for? What is it?

A

Long terminal repeat; on the end of transposons that create sticky ends

41
Q

What does LINE stand for? What is it?

A

long interpersed nuclear element; long terminal repeat in mammal DNA that resulted from proliferation of transposable elements

42
Q

What does SINE stand for? What is it?

A

Short interspersed nuclear element; Repetitive DNA sequences in mammal DNA that resulted from proliferation of transposable elements

43
Q

What is the selfish DNA theory?

A

Transposable elements exist simply because they can; similar to parasites they proliferate as long as they are not harming the host

44
Q

What is hybrid dysgenesis?

A

transposable elements become overactive and cause deleterious effects

45
Q

What is a core genome?

A

A set of genes that are shared by nearly all individuals within a species or population and essential for basic function

46
Q

What is a pan genome?

A

Genes shared by a strain of a species considered accessory or not necessary for basic function

47
Q

What the four steps of a cell using CRISPR?

A

1) cell survives phage attack and incorporate fragments of phage genome in a spacer
2) Cell transcribes DNA sequence with spacer into sRNA
3) RNA spacer targets any new infecting phage genomes
4) Cas9 genes in CRIPR gene encode for exonuclease that degrades phage genome

48
Q

What is gene drive?

A

When DNA inserted using CRISPR contains technology to continue inserting genes and the gene spreads to all individuals

BIOL 322 Genetics (9 decks)

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