exam 2: chapter 40 (oxygenation and perfusion) Flashcards
1
Q
hypoxia, dyspnea, and hypoventilation are physical manifestations of what?
A
alterations in respiratory function
2
Q
what is hypoxia?
A
inadequate oxygen to cells
3
Q
dyspnea (difficulty breathing), elevated BP, increased RR & HR, anxious, restless, confusion are ___ of hypoxia?
A
symptoms
4
Q
the ___ warms, filters, and humidifies INSPIRED air
A
upper airway
5
Q
parts of the upper airway
A
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- epiglottis
6
Q
the __ is responsible for the conduction of air, mucociliary clearance, and production of pulmonary surfactant
A
lower airway
7
Q
parts of lower airway
A
- trachea
- right and left mainstem bronchi
- segmental bronchi
- terminal bronchioles
8
Q
the __ are the main organs of respiration
A
lungs
9
Q
the lungs extend from __ to __
A
the base of the diaphragm; the apex of the first rib
10
Q
the lungs are composed of __ tissue
A
elastic (alveoli, surfactant, pleura)
11
Q
integrity of the airway system is essential for ___
A
transporting air to and from lungs
12
Q
a properly functioning alveolar system in the lungs __ and __
A
oxygenates venous blood; removes carbon dioxide from blood
13
Q
the __ and __ systems carry nutrients and wastes to and from body cells
A
cardiovascular; hematologic
14
Q
inspiration is __
A
the active phase of ventilation; breathe in air
15
Q
expiration is __
A
the passive phase of ventilation; breathe out air
16
Q
refers to the intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide
A
gas exchange
17
Q
gas exchange between the atmospheric air in the alveoli and blood in capillaries
A
respiration
18
Q
process by which oxygenated capillary blood passes through body tissues
A
perfusion
19
Q
gas exchange occurs via __
A
diffusion
20
Q
most oxygen (97%) is carried by rbc’s in the form of
A
oxyhemoglobin
21
Q
what is the main organ of circulation?
A
the heart
22
Q
the heart has __ chambers
A
4
23
Q
__ atria; __ ventricles
A
2; 2
24
Q
the aorta, pulmonary artery (right and left), and pulmonary veins are all __
A
blood vessels
25
dysrhythmia/arrhythmia, myocardial ischemia, angina, mi, and heart failure are examples of __
alterations in the cardiovascular system
26
level of health, __, __, __, __, and __ considerations are factors that affect cardiopulmonary and oxygenation
developmental; environmental; medication; lifestyle; psychological
27
__ __ are more prominent due to the loss of __ __
bony landmarks; subcutaneous fat
28
kyphosis contributes to appearance of __
leaning forward
29
__ deformity may result in increased anteroposterior diameter
barrel chest
30
_ and _ become more rigid; diaphragm moves less efficiently in older adults
tissues; airways
31
older adults have an increased risk for _, especially pneumonia
disease
32
usual patterns of respiration, meds, health hx, recent changes, lifestyle and environment, cough, sputum, pain, dyspnea, fever, and fatigue are part of the _ portion of the nursing process
assessment
33
in the physical exam for the nursing process, you must inspect for _, color (cyanosis, pallor), structural abnormalities of the chest, _, and rhythm and depth
general appearance; rr
34
intermittent sounds when air moves through airways that contain fluid are called __
crackles
35
crackles are classified as __, __, or __
fine, medium; coarse
36
continuous sounds heard as air passes through airways constricted by swelling, secretions, or tumors are called __
wheezes
37
a chest x-ray is used for a __
diagnosis
38
arterial blood gas (abg) is used for __
oxygenation and ventilation
39
hgb, hct, and wbc are tested with a __
complete blood count (cbc)
40
electrical activity of the heart is tested by __
an ECG
41
PFTs test __
respiratory function
42
measures arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO2)
pulse oximetry
43
a tool that measures ventilation and blood flow through the lungs indirectly where exhaled air passes through a sensor that measures the amount of carbon dioxide with each breath
capnography
44
puncturing the chest wall to remove pleural fluid from pleural space is called
thoracentesis
45
thoracentesis is either _ or _
diagnostic; therapeutic
46
post-procedure of thoracentesis include __, __, and __
assessing for changes in respirations; hemopytsis or severe cough; cxr after
47
promoting optimal functioning include: __, __, __, __, and __
healthy lifestyle; vaccinations; pollution-free environments; reducing anxiety; maintaining good nutrition
48
regular exercise, healthy diet, and maintaining a healthy weight are all examples of __
a healthy lifestyle
49
influenza and pneumococcus are __ needed for optimal functioning
vaccinations
50
the cdc recommends __ for all adults 65yo+, 2-64yo with certain medical conditions, and 19-64yo who smoke
PPSV23
51
__ minimizes triggers in home or work and smoking cessation
pollution-free environments
52
a caring attitude with active listening skills and attempting to understand the pt's life experience and habits w/o judgement are examples of __
reducing anxiety
53
smaller but more frequent meals, oral hygiene, rest periods, and high protein/high calorie are examples of __
maintaining good nutrition
54
positioning, adequate fluid intake, and humidified air/oxygen are ways for __
promoting comfort
55
comfort and therapeutic are 2 kinds of __
positioning
56
thin secretions and insensible losses make up __
adequate fluid intake
57
using incentive spirometry, __, __, and __ breathing are examples of __
deep; pursed-lip; diaphragmatic; promoting proper breathing
58
slow and prolong expiration is seen in __
pursed-lip breathing
59
__ reduces RR, increases alveolar ventilation, and expels as much air as possible
diaphragmatic breathing
60
deep breathing and effective coughing __
promote and control breathing
61
pt is in semi-fowler's position, pt is asked to exhale completely, inhale through nose, hold 3-6 secs, exhale through pursed-lips (repeat) every 1-2 hours demonstrates what kind of promotion and control for coughing?
deep breathing
62
pt is in semi-fowler's position and with a splint pillow, and is asked to inhale & exhale deeply & slowly through nose, take deep breath & hold 3 secs, and cough deeply for 1-2 times every 1-2 hours while awake is called __
effective coughing
63
expectorants and suppressants are __
types of cough meds
64
facilitation of the removal of secretions by thinning secretions, robitussin, humidified air and adequate fluid intake are all a part of __
expectorants
65
__ are used for dry, non-productive cough, depresses cough reflex, codeine (prescription), and usually at bedtime
suppressants
66
loosens and mobilizes secretions, aids in mucus clearance, and includes percussion, vibration, and postural drainage are all ways to __
perform chest physiotherapy (pt)
67
bronchodilators, nebulizers, meter-dose inhalers (mdi), and dry powder inhalers are __
inhaled meds
68
opens narrowed airways
bronchodilators
69
disperses fine particles of liquid med into deeper passages of resp tract is called __
a nebulizer
70
inhaler that delivers a controlled dose of medication with each compression of the canister __
meter-dose inhaler
71
an inhaler that includes breath-activated delivery of medications
dry powder inhaler
72
failing to shake canister and hold breathe afterwards, inhaling through nose than mouth, and too quickly, or two sprays with one breath, and stopping inhalation hen feeling the drug are __
common mistakes with mdi's
73
source of o2, flow rate, humidification, and delivery systems __
provide supplemental oxygen
74
wall outlet vs portable tank is __
a source of o2
75
ordered flow, consider device and concentration of o2 are __
flow rate
76
__ is necessary with higher flow rate
humidification
77
nasal cannula, simple mask, nonrebreather mask, venturi mask, and tent are examples of __
o2 delivery systems
78
oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airways, and endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes are examples of __
artificial airways
79
you must clean/replace inner cannula, change dressing, skin care at trach site, take caution with changing trach sites, and suction and replace at bedside in __
tracheostomy care
80
maintain a patent airway, remove secretions and vomitus are important when __
suctioning the airway
81
you must consider __ when suctioning the airway
preoygenation
82
hypoxia, infection, tracheal tissue damage, atelectasis, and dysrhythmia are all __ of suctioning the airway
complications
83
to prevent hypoxia when suctioning the airway, you must __, __, __, and __
pre/hyperoxygenate; limit time to 10-15 secs; do NOT suction during insertion of catheter; apply intermittent suction while withdrawing catheter
84
to prevent atelectasis when suctioning the airway, you must __
use appropriate pressure 80-150 mmHg
85
demonstrating improved gas exchange in lungs by absence of cyanosis or chest pain and a pulse oximetry reading >95% and self-care behaviors that provide relief from symptoms and prevent further problems, relate causative factors and demonstrate adaptive method of coping, and preserve pulmonary function by maintaining an optimal level of activity are __
expected outcomes
