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fundamentals of nursing > exam 2: chapter 40 (oxygenation and perfusion) > Flashcards

exam 2: chapter 40 (oxygenation and perfusion) Flashcards

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1
Q

hypoxia, dyspnea, and hypoventilation are physical manifestations of what?

A

alterations in respiratory function

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2
Q

what is hypoxia?

A

inadequate oxygen to cells

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3
Q

dyspnea (difficulty breathing), elevated BP, increased RR & HR, anxious, restless, confusion are ___ of hypoxia?

A

symptoms

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4
Q

the ___ warms, filters, and humidifies INSPIRED air

A

upper airway

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5
Q

parts of the upper airway

A
  • nose
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • epiglottis
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6
Q

the __ is responsible for the conduction of air, mucociliary clearance, and production of pulmonary surfactant

A

lower airway

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7
Q

parts of lower airway

A
  • trachea
  • right and left mainstem bronchi
  • segmental bronchi
  • terminal bronchioles
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8
Q

the __ are the main organs of respiration

A

lungs

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9
Q

the lungs extend from __ to __

A

the base of the diaphragm; the apex of the first rib

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10
Q

the lungs are composed of __ tissue

A

elastic (alveoli, surfactant, pleura)

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11
Q

integrity of the airway system is essential for ___

A

transporting air to and from lungs

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12
Q

a properly functioning alveolar system in the lungs __ and __

A

oxygenates venous blood; removes carbon dioxide from blood

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13
Q

the __ and __ systems carry nutrients and wastes to and from body cells

A

cardiovascular; hematologic

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14
Q

inspiration is __

A

the active phase of ventilation; breathe in air

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15
Q

expiration is __

A

the passive phase of ventilation; breathe out air

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16
Q

refers to the intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide

A

gas exchange

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17
Q

gas exchange between the atmospheric air in the alveoli and blood in capillaries

A

respiration

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18
Q

process by which oxygenated capillary blood passes through body tissues

A

perfusion

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19
Q

gas exchange occurs via __

A

diffusion

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20
Q

most oxygen (97%) is carried by rbc’s in the form of

A

oxyhemoglobin

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21
Q

what is the main organ of circulation?

A

the heart

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22
Q

the heart has __ chambers

A

4

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23
Q

__ atria; __ ventricles

A

2; 2

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24
Q

the aorta, pulmonary artery (right and left), and pulmonary veins are all __

A

blood vessels

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25
Q

dysrhythmia/arrhythmia, myocardial ischemia, angina, mi, and heart failure are examples of __

A

alterations in the cardiovascular system

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26
Q

level of health, __, __, __, __, and __ considerations are factors that affect cardiopulmonary and oxygenation

A

developmental; environmental; medication; lifestyle; psychological

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27
Q

__ __ are more prominent due to the loss of __ __

A

bony landmarks; subcutaneous fat

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28
Q

kyphosis contributes to appearance of __

A

leaning forward

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29
Q

__ deformity may result in increased anteroposterior diameter

A

barrel chest

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30
Q

_ and _ become more rigid; diaphragm moves less efficiently in older adults

A

tissues; airways

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31
Q

older adults have an increased risk for _, especially pneumonia

A

disease

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32
Q

usual patterns of respiration, meds, health hx, recent changes, lifestyle and environment, cough, sputum, pain, dyspnea, fever, and fatigue are part of the _ portion of the nursing process

A

assessment

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33
Q

in the physical exam for the nursing process, you must inspect for _, color (cyanosis, pallor), structural abnormalities of the chest, _, and rhythm and depth

A

general appearance; rr

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34
Q

intermittent sounds when air moves through airways that contain fluid are called __

A

crackles

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35
Q

crackles are classified as __, __, or __

A

fine, medium; coarse

36
Q

continuous sounds heard as air passes through airways constricted by swelling, secretions, or tumors are called __

A

wheezes

37
Q

a chest x-ray is used for a __

A

diagnosis

38
Q

arterial blood gas (abg) is used for __

A

oxygenation and ventilation

39
Q

hgb, hct, and wbc are tested with a __

A

complete blood count (cbc)

40
Q

electrical activity of the heart is tested by __

A

an ECG

41
Q

PFTs test __

A

respiratory function

42
Q

measures arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation (SaO2)

A

pulse oximetry

43
Q

a tool that measures ventilation and blood flow through the lungs indirectly where exhaled air passes through a sensor that measures the amount of carbon dioxide with each breath

A

capnography

44
Q

puncturing the chest wall to remove pleural fluid from pleural space is called

A

thoracentesis

45
Q

thoracentesis is either _ or _

A

diagnostic; therapeutic

46
Q

post-procedure of thoracentesis include __, __, and __

A

assessing for changes in respirations; hemopytsis or severe cough; cxr after

47
Q

promoting optimal functioning include: __, __, __, __, and __

A

healthy lifestyle; vaccinations; pollution-free environments; reducing anxiety; maintaining good nutrition

48
Q

regular exercise, healthy diet, and maintaining a healthy weight are all examples of __

A

a healthy lifestyle

49
Q

influenza and pneumococcus are __ needed for optimal functioning

A

vaccinations

50
Q

the cdc recommends __ for all adults 65yo+, 2-64yo with certain medical conditions, and 19-64yo who smoke

A

PPSV23

51
Q

__ minimizes triggers in home or work and smoking cessation

A

pollution-free environments

52
Q

a caring attitude with active listening skills and attempting to understand the pt’s life experience and habits w/o judgement are examples of __

A

reducing anxiety

53
Q

smaller but more frequent meals, oral hygiene, rest periods, and high protein/high calorie are examples of __

A

maintaining good nutrition

54
Q

positioning, adequate fluid intake, and humidified air/oxygen are ways for __

A

promoting comfort

55
Q

comfort and therapeutic are 2 kinds of __

A

positioning

56
Q

thin secretions and insensible losses make up __

A

adequate fluid intake

57
Q

using incentive spirometry, __, __, and __ breathing are examples of __

A

deep; pursed-lip; diaphragmatic; promoting proper breathing

58
Q

slow and prolong expiration is seen in __

A

pursed-lip breathing

59
Q

__ reduces RR, increases alveolar ventilation, and expels as much air as possible

A

diaphragmatic breathing

60
Q

deep breathing and effective coughing __

A

promote and control breathing

61
Q

pt is in semi-fowler’s position, pt is asked to exhale completely, inhale through nose, hold 3-6 secs, exhale through pursed-lips (repeat) every 1-2 hours demonstrates what kind of promotion and control for coughing?

A

deep breathing

62
Q

pt is in semi-fowler’s position and with a splint pillow, and is asked to inhale & exhale deeply & slowly through nose, take deep breath & hold 3 secs, and cough deeply for 1-2 times every 1-2 hours while awake is called __

A

effective coughing

63
Q

expectorants and suppressants are __

A

types of cough meds

64
Q

facilitation of the removal of secretions by thinning secretions, robitussin, humidified air and adequate fluid intake are all a part of __

A

expectorants

65
Q

__ are used for dry, non-productive cough, depresses cough reflex, codeine (prescription), and usually at bedtime

A

suppressants

66
Q

loosens and mobilizes secretions, aids in mucus clearance, and includes percussion, vibration, and postural drainage are all ways to __

A

perform chest physiotherapy (pt)

67
Q

bronchodilators, nebulizers, meter-dose inhalers (mdi), and dry powder inhalers are __

A

inhaled meds

68
Q

opens narrowed airways

A

bronchodilators

69
Q

disperses fine particles of liquid med into deeper passages of resp tract is called __

A

a nebulizer

70
Q

inhaler that delivers a controlled dose of medication with each compression of the canister __

A

meter-dose inhaler

71
Q

an inhaler that includes breath-activated delivery of medications

A

dry powder inhaler

72
Q

failing to shake canister and hold breathe afterwards, inhaling through nose than mouth, and too quickly, or two sprays with one breath, and stopping inhalation hen feeling the drug are __

A

common mistakes with mdi’s

73
Q

source of o2, flow rate, humidification, and delivery systems __

A

provide supplemental oxygen

74
Q

wall outlet vs portable tank is __

A

a source of o2

75
Q

ordered flow, consider device and concentration of o2 are __

A

flow rate

76
Q

__ is necessary with higher flow rate

A

humidification

77
Q

nasal cannula, simple mask, nonrebreather mask, venturi mask, and tent are examples of __

A

o2 delivery systems

78
Q

oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal airways, and endotracheal and tracheostomy tubes are examples of __

A

artificial airways

79
Q

you must clean/replace inner cannula, change dressing, skin care at trach site, take caution with changing trach sites, and suction and replace at bedside in __

A

tracheostomy care

80
Q

maintain a patent airway, remove secretions and vomitus are important when __

A

suctioning the airway

81
Q

you must consider __ when suctioning the airway

A

preoygenation

82
Q

hypoxia, infection, tracheal tissue damage, atelectasis, and dysrhythmia are all __ of suctioning the airway

A

complications

83
Q

to prevent hypoxia when suctioning the airway, you must __, __, __, and __

A

pre/hyperoxygenate; limit time to 10-15 secs; do NOT suction during insertion of catheter; apply intermittent suction while withdrawing catheter

84
Q

to prevent atelectasis when suctioning the airway, you must __

A

use appropriate pressure 80-150 mmHg

85
Q

demonstrating improved gas exchange in lungs by absence of cyanosis or chest pain and a pulse oximetry reading >95% and self-care behaviors that provide relief from symptoms and prevent further problems, relate causative factors and demonstrate adaptive method of coping, and preserve pulmonary function by maintaining an optimal level of activity are __

A

expected outcomes

fundamentals of nursing (17 decks)

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