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Anatomy & Physiology I > Exam 2- Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Exam 2- Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Types of tissues

A
  1. Epithelial tissue
  2. Connective tissue
  3. Muscle tissue
  4. Nerve tissue
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2
Q

Two main types of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Covering and lining epithelia

2. Glandular epithelia

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3
Q

Characteristics of epithelial tissue cells

A
  1. Cells have polarity
    - May bare microvilli or cilia (trachea)
    - Noncellular basal lamina of glycoprotein and collagen lie adjacent to the basal surface
  2. Are composed of closely packed cells
    - continuous sheets held together by tight junctions and desmosomes.
  3. Supported by connective tissue reticular lamina
  4. Avascular but innervated
  5. High rate of regeneration
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4
Q

Epithelium accomplished many functions, what are they?

A
  1. protection
  2. absorption
  3. filtration
  4. excretion
  5. secretion
  6. sensory reception
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5
Q

All epithelia have two kinds of surfaces. What are they?

A

Apical- exposed to exterior ( microvilli, cilia)

Basal- Exposed to internal organs (glycoproteins, collagen), acts as a filter, repairs wounds

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6
Q

The tight junctions and desmosomes of the specialized cell in the epithelium do what?

A

help keep proT in the apical region from diffusing into the basal region, thus maintaining polarity.

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7
Q

Deep into the basal lamina is the

A

reticular lamina

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8
Q

A layer of extracellular material containing a dine network of collagen protein fibers that belong to the underlying connective tissue

A

Reticular lamina

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9
Q

The reticular lamina and the basal lamina form the

A

basement membrane

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10
Q

helps stretching and tearing and defines the epithelial boundary

A

Basement membrane

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11
Q

consists of a single cell layer. They are typically found where absorption, secretion, and filtration occur and thin epithelial barrier is desirable

A

simple epithelia

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12
Q

composed of two or more cell later stacked on top of each other, are common in high-abrasion areas where protection is important, such as the skin surface and lining of the mouth

A

stratified epithelia

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13
Q

flattened and scalelike

A

squamous cells

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14
Q

boxlike and approximately as tall as they are wide

A

cuboidal cells

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15
Q

are tall and column shaped

A

columnar cells

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16
Q

this epithelia is mostly concerned with absorption and secretion, because they are single layered and very thin, protection is not one of their specialties

A

Simple squamous epithelia

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17
Q

Resemble a tiled floor because the cells are flattened laterally and disk shaped ( sometimes resemble fired eggs)

A

Simple squamous epithelia

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18
Q

because it is thin and permeable it is often found where filtration or the exchange of substances by rapid diffusion is a priority. ex/ kidneys and lungs

A

Simple squamous epithelia

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19
Q

provides slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic vessels and in all hollow organs of the cardiovascular system-blood vessels and heart

A

Endothelium ( inner covering)

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20
Q

is the epithelium found in serous membranes, the membranes lining the ventral body cavity and covering its organs

A

Mesothelium (middle covering)

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21
Q

consists of a single layer of cells as tall as they are wide

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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22
Q

important function is secretion and absorption

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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23
Q

forms the walls of the smallest ducts of glands and of many kidney tubules

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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24
Q

a single layer of tall closely packed cells aligned like soldiers in a row.

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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25
Q

lines the digestive tract from the stomach through the rectum

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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26
Q

The Simple columnar epithelium has to distinct modifications that make it ideal for secretion and absorption

A

1) Dense microvilli on the apical surface of absorptive cells
2) Tubular glands made primarily of cells that secrete mucus- containing intestinal juice

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27
Q

vary in height, all of its cells rest on the basement membrane, but only the tallest reach the free surface of epithelium

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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28
Q

Gives a false impression that many layers are present

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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29
Q

A ciliated version containing mucas-secreting cells line more of the respiratory tract

A

Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium

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30
Q

contain two or more cell layers and regenerate from below

A

Stratified epithelia

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31
Q

The most widespread epithelia

A

Stratified squamous epithelia

32
Q

Found in areas subjected to wear and tear

A

Stratified squamous epithelia

33
Q

Forms the external part of the skin and extends a short distance into every body opening

A

Stratified squamous epithelia

34
Q

The outer layer contains keratin

A

Stratified squamous epithelia

35
Q

Quite rare in the body, mostly found in the ducts of some larger glands (sweat, mammary). Typically had two layers of cuboidal cells

A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

36
Q

Has limited distribution in the body. Small amounts are found in the pharynx, the male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts

A

Stratified columnar epithelium

37
Q

forms the lining of the hollow urinary organs, which stretch as they fill with urine

A

Transitional epithelium

38
Q

scattered within epithelial sheets.

A

unicellular glands

39
Q

form by invagination of epithelial sheet into the underlying connective tissue

A

multicellular glands

40
Q

often called ductless glands because they eventually lose their ducts

A

Endocrine glands

41
Q

produce hormones, messenger chemicals they secrete by exocytosis directly into extracellular space

A

Endocrine glands

42
Q

Secrete their products onto body surfaces or in body cavities

A

Exocrine glands

43
Q

The unicellular exocrine glands secrete by _____ while the multicellular glads do so via an ______________ that transports the secretion to the surface

A

exocytosis

epithelium walled duct

44
Q

Are diverse and many of their products are familiar ( mucous, sweat, oil, and salvary glands)

A

Exocrine glands

45
Q

mucous cells and goblet cells

A

Unicellular Exocrine Glands

46
Q

Structurally more complex and have two basic parts: epithelium derived duct and a secretory unit

A

Multicellular exocrine glands

47
Q

supportive connective tissue surrounds the secretory unit and supplies it with blood vessels and nerve fibers

A

Multicellular exocrine glands

48
Q

Secrete their products by exocytosis as they are produced. They are not altered in anyway (pancreas, sweat and salivary glands)

A

Merocrine glands- MEG

49
Q

Accumulate their products within them until they rupture ( replaced by underlying cells) ex/ sebaceous glands

A

Holocrine glands

50
Q

the most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissues

A

Connective tissue

51
Q

Four types of connective tissue

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Cartilage
  3. Bone
  4. Blood
52
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A
  1. Binding and supporting
  2. protecting
  3. insulating
  4. storing reserve fuel
  5. transporting
53
Q

Common tissue of orgion in connective tissue

A

mesenchyme

54
Q

Characteristics of connective tisse

A

Mesenchyme as common tissue
Varying degrees of vascularity
Cells separated by nonliving extracelluar matrix

55
Q

the unstructured material that fills the space between the cells and contains the fibers. Medium through which solutes between blood and capillaries capillaries and cells

A

Ground substance

56
Q

Components of Ground substance

A

Interstitial fluid
Adhesion proteins
Proteoglycans

57
Q

Three types of fibers are found in connective tissue matrix

A
  1. Collagen
  2. Elastic
  3. Reticular
58
Q

Because their fibrils crosslink, they are extremely tough and provide high tinsel strength

A

Collagen fibers

59
Q

long thin fibers that form branching networks in the extracellular matrix

A

Elastic fibers (skin, lungs, blood vessel walls)

60
Q

short fine, collagenous fibers with a slightly different chemistry form. Form reticuli networks that surround small blood vessels and suport the soft organs

A

Reticular fibers

61
Q

Loose connective tissue proper includes

A

areolar, adipose and reticular

62
Q

because of its loose nature, it provides a reservoir of water and salts for surrounding body tissues always holding as much fluid as entire blood streams

A

Areolar connective tissue

63
Q

soaks up excess fluids like a sponge, the area becomes swelled causing in endema

A

Areolar connective tissue

64
Q

serves as a universal packing material between other tissues

A

Areolar connective tissue

65
Q

contains closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running in the same direction, parallel to the direction of pull with great resistance to tension

A

Dense regular connective tissue

66
Q

forms tension, ligaments, fascia

A

Dense regular connective tissue

67
Q

Bundles of collagen fibers are much thicker and theya re arranged irregularly. They run more in one plane

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

68
Q

Found in the skin as the leathery dermis and forms fibrous joint capsules and fibrous coverings that surround some organs (kidneys, bones, cartilages, muscles, and nerves)

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

69
Q

The predominant cell type growing in cartilage

A

Chondroblasts

70
Q

Lacks nerve fibers and is avascular

71
Q

Three varieties of cartilage

A
  1. Hyaline cartilage
  2. elastic cartilage
  3. fibrocartilage
72
Q

The most abundant cartilage in the bodt

73
Q

Has an exceptional ability to support and protect the body

A

Bone tissue

74
Q

Highly cellular, well vascularized tissues that are responsible for most types of body movement

A

Muscle tissues

75
Q

an organ system consisting of keratinized stratifies squamous epithelium firmly attached to a think layer of connective tissue

A

Cutaneous membrane

76
Q

Line all body cavities that open to the outside of the body, such as the hollow organs of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital tracrs

A

Mucous Membranes

77
Q

moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavities

A

Seros membranes

Anatomy & Physiology I (6 decks)

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