Exam 2 chapter 2/3

Question 1

Psych issues of police

Answer 1

 Pressure and stress
 Cynicism and desensitization
 PTSD and risk of suicide
 Frequent encounters on the job

Question 2

o Exclusionary rule: Mapp v. Ohio (1961)

Answer 2

 The 4th amendment
 Before, evidence gotten without a warrant wasn’t excluded in trial

Question 3

Gideon v. Wrainwright (1963)

Answer 3

right to a counsel
before:Betts v. Brady (1942) right to counsel only under certain circumstances (extremely harsh penalty, if defendant is mentally unfit)
after: Attorney will be provided in felony cases
Applies to only trial and one appeal

Question 4

reid technique procedures

Answer 4

• Confront suspect with crime, keep attention throughout interrogation
• Interrupt suspect frequently in early stages; overcome all objections
• Develop “themes” and alternative explanations for crime: use sympathy to gain trust
• Recount details of crime
• Obtain full written confession

Question 5

o Maximization

Answer 5

scare tactics
 Overstate seriousness of offense and magnitude of charges
 Make false or exaggerated claims of evidence

Question 6

o Minimization

Answer 6

minimize crime
 Sympathy, tolerance, face-saving strategies
 Blame the victim or accomplice

Question 7

o Jackson v. Denno

Answer 7

: confessions must be voluntary
 Pre-trial hearings on confession voluntariness required
 Torture, punishment, physical harm – or threats of these things – not permitted
 Promises of leniency and gray areas of the law
* Cant promise lower sentence or anything like that

Question 8

o Factors in known false confession cases

Answer 8

 Length of interrogation
 Sleep deprivation and/or lack of food
 Suspect is vulnerable
 Presentation of false evidence
 Interrogator provides details of crime

Question 9

If the person is a suspect, the goal of an _____ is getting a _____

Answer 9

1) interrogation
2) confession

Question 10

o Jurors ____ able to identify false or coerced confessions

Answer 10

arent

Question 11

o fundamental attribution error

Answer 11

the tendency to attribute other people’s behavior to dispositional causes (traits, personality) and to dismiss the situational pressures acting on the person.

Question 12

o If there is strong evidence in addition to a confession, jurors will ______ the ______

Answer 12

1) ignore
2) coersiveness

Question 13

Miranda rights:

Answer 13

(1) You have the right to remain silent. Anything you say can be used against you in a court of law. (2) You have the right to have an attorney present during questioning. (3) If you cannot afford an attorney, you have the right to have an attorney appointed to you prior to questioning. (4) Do you understand these rights as I have explained them to you

Question 14

o Only ____ choose to use their miranda rights

Answer 14

20%

Question 15

o To evaluate the voluntariness of a confession, judges must look at the _____ ___ ______ surrounding it

Answer 15

totality of circumstances

Question 16

o good cop–bad cop approach

Answer 16

o good cop–bad cop approach: two interrogators work as a team. The “bad” cop (typically the larger, more intimidating member of the pair), through words and nonverbal behavior, shows his anger with the lying suspect and expresses his belief that the suspect should receive the most severe punishment possible. In contrast, the officer playing the “good” cop will show the suspect sympathy and understanding (although the good cop may eventually express disappointment that the suspect is continuing to lie).

Question 17

o Reid technique

Answer 17

(1) loss of control, (2) social isolation, (3) certainty of guilt, and (4) minimization of culpability

Question 18

Reid loss of control

Answer 18

remove the psychological comfort of familiar surroundings and to communicate — in blunt and subtle ways — that the suspect has lost control of the situation.

Question 19

reid social isolation

Answer 19

deprive the suspect of emotional support and to minimize contradictory information.

Question 20

reid certainty of guilt

Answer 20

You did it, we know you did it, it is futile to deny your guilt, and any jury or judge that sees the evidence will convict you

Question 21

• evidence ploys

Answer 21

cite real or fabricated evidence that clearly establishes the suspect’s guilt. Sometimes there is actual evidence that implicates the suspect (e.g., an eyewitness who places the suspect at the scene). If no real evidence exists, police may lie about its existence.

Question 22

reid minimization of culpability

Answer 22

: interrogators offer face-saving justifications or excuses for the crime.

Question 23

o Thomas sawyer

Answer 23

 Golf course groundskeeper; neighbor was raped and strangled to death
 Suffered from severe social anxiety; avoided eye contact and fidigted when questioned by police
 Made to believe he was the killer
 Police lied to him about failed polygraph
 Police told him he was drunk when he did it
 Confessed after being told hair matched

Question 24

o The most dangerous vulnerability is ____

Answer 24

youth

Question 25

o interrogation-related regulatory decline

Answer 25

o interrogation-related regulatory decline: the process of interrogation results in a breakdown of self-regulation — the ability to control our thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in pursuit of our goals. Interrogation techniques are designed to deplete our ability to self-regulate and to impair our ability to think rationally.

Question 26

o Interrogation leads to short sightedness:

Answer 26

a tendency to give priority to the short-term goals of escaping the interrogation room and appeasing the interrogators

Question 27

types of false confessions

Answer 27

instrumental–coerced, instrumental-voluntary, internalized-coerced, interlanized-voluntary

Question 28

o instrumental–coerced false confession

Answer 28

occurs when, as a result of a long or intense interrogation, the suspect confesses to a crime that he knows he did not commit. This is the most commonly identified type of false confession in criminal case

Question 29

o instrumental–voluntary false confession

Answer 29

occurs when a suspect knowingly implicates himself in a crime he did not commit in an effort to achieve some goal.

Question 30

o internalized–coerced false confession

Answer 30

occurs when, as a product of a long or intense interrogation, a suspect becomes convinced — at least temporarily — that he may have actually committed the crime.

Question 31

o internalized–voluntary false confession

Answer 31

occurs when someone suffering from delusions confesses to a crime with little or no pressure from interrogators

Question 32

o 1986, enactment of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE did what

Answer 32

made it illegal to trick suspects or lie about evidence as a means of inducing suspects to confess. All interviews with suspects conducted at police stations must be audio-recorded; Bullying, threats, and intimidation are not permitted, and police are required to call in an “appropriate adult” to witness the interview of any suspect who is deemed “vulnerable” (usually because of youth or low intelligence).

Question 33

 Guildford four

Answer 33

• Fall of 1974
• Irish army exploded bombs in an England pub
• Paul hill signed a written confession incriminating Gerry conlon
• There was no physical evidence, but the 4 ppl were sentenced to life
• After 15 yrs, all four released.
• Intimidation, isolation, and lies by interrogators influenced their confessions

Question 34

o The pace reforms ____ ___ harmed the ability of police

Answer 34

have not

Question 35

accusatorial interrogations

Answer 35

— the use of confrontation, accusations, and psychological manipulation to obtain a confession.

Question 36

o HUMINT interrogations

Answer 36

which are generally conducted by the military, the CIA, and the FBI; uncover information about people involved in terrorist networks, the power and communications structures of terrorist networks, and potential future attacks against the United States.

Question 37

o SUE (which stands for strategic use of evidence)

Answer 37

) emphasizes strategically withholding or revealing known evidence in ways that expose contradictions between a suspect’s claims and the available facts

Question 38

o PEACE model of interrogation

Answer 38

prep and planning
engage and explain
account
closure
evaluation

Question 39

PEACE prep and planning

Answer 39

This stage occurs prior to the interrogation and involves studying the case materials and developing a plan to guide the process.

Question 40

PEACE engage and explain

Answer 40

This stage includes building rapport with the suspect and providing an explanation of the interrogation procedure and its purpose.

Question 41

PEACE account

Answer 41

main information-gathering step. Specific techniques are used to elicit a full account of the crime from suspects who are actually guilty. Emphasis is on pointing out and challenging inconsistencies and contradictions in the suspect’s account of events.

Question 42

PEACE closure

Answer 42

the interrogator summarizes the account of the suspect to encourage further recall and disclosure. Follow-up procedures are clarified during this stage.

Question 43

PEACE evaluation

Answer 43

interrogators are encouraged to reflect on their performance and to seek feedback from colleagues.

Question 44

potential solutions to false confessions

Answer 44

video recording, requiring probable cause for interrogations, time limits, appropriate adult for vulnerable ppl, instructions to jury, and exert testimony

Question 45

o Exculpatory scenario

Answer 45

the interrogation strategy of offering justifications or excuses for committing the crime

Question 46

o the ruling by a judge that a confession is inadmissible in court because it was coerced is:

Answer 46

rare