Exam 2: Ch. 6-9 Flashcards

Question

Sudoriferous Glands

Answer 1

Sweat Glands

Answer 2

Glands of the ear canal that contribute to the production of cerumen (earwax)

Answer 3

Milk-producing glands located in the breasts

Answer 4

Acne - Inflammation of the sebaceous glands, the follicle becomes blocked Dermatitis - Any inflammation of the skin, typically marked by redness and itchiness Eczema - Itchy, red, "weeping" skin lesions caused by an allergy Psoriasis - Recurring, reddened plaques covered with silvery scale Rosacea - A red, rash-like area, often in the nose or cheeks, marked by a fine network of blood vessels

Answer 5

Famous for his drawings in "Tables of the Skeleton and Muscles of the Human Body" Both a scientist & an artist

Answer 6

The skull, vertebral column, and the thoracic cage

Answer 7

Bones of the limbs, pectoral & pelvic girdles, hands, & feet

Answer 8

Hyaline - Found in the costal cartilages of the ribs, elbow joints, wrist joints, hips, knees, ankles, and the larynx via thyroid and cricoid cartilages Elastic - Found in the external ears, the nose, and the epiglottis Fibrocartilage - Found in the intervertebral discs and the pubic symphysis

Answer 9

Long - One dimension is longer than the others Flat - They develop between 2 or more membranes Irregular - Bones that fit no other category, no specific shape or structure can help identify them as short, long, or flat Short - Roughly the same size in all dimensions, box-like Sesamoid - smooth & round like a sesame seed

Answer 10

Fibula Tibia, Ulna, Radius, Phalanges

Answer 11

Carpals, Tarsals, Ankle Bones (Talus)

Answer 12

Sternal Bones & Cranial Bones

Answer 13

Epiphysis - Knob-like ends of typical long bones, composed of both compact and spongy bone tissues Diaphysis - The long, shaft-like portion of the long bone, composed of primarily compact bone tissue Epiphyseal Discs/Lines/Cartilages - The "line" between Epiphyses and Diaphyses, composed of cartilage, becomes ossified bone after puberty Red Bone Marrow - Site of production of (red & white) blood cells and platelets, resides in the cavities of spongy tissue. Yellow Bone Marrow - Helps recruit blood cell "building blocks" into the bone

Answer 14

Two layers of compact bone with spongy bone "sandwiched" between the two compact layers

Answer 15

Compact - Dense, solid, strong, rigid Spongy - Many "holes" or spaces, called trabeculae, throughout, weaker

Answer 16

Framework to encase, hang, & connect parts of the body Blood cell production Mineral storage

Answer 17

Osteogenic Cell - A stem cell that can develop into a variety of specialized cells (many listed below) Osteoblast - The cells that build bone tissue by embedding calcium into the bone tissue, responsible for cell growth Osteocyte - The cells that comprise bones, mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix Osteoclast - Cells that leech calcium from bone tissues, bone-resorbing cells, the opposite of osteoblasts. These cells help to provide calcium to the rest of the body

Answer 18

GH levels are high prenatally and remain high until the onset of puberty when they begin to slowly decline. SH levels spike shortly prenatally, then return to 0 until the onset of puberty, when they then begin to rise slowly. They remain high throughout adulthood.

Answer 19

Torn cartilages often take 5+ months to repair themselves because they have no direct blood supply Over-working bones in childhood/teenage years can cause the epiphyseal plates to ossify early and stunt growth.

Answer 20

An important coenzyme that helps to maintain strong bone health and density

Answer 21

Parathyroid (PTH) levels rise, stimulating osteoclasts to leech calcium from the bones

Answer 22

The thyroid gland undergoes a process called calcitonin, which stimulates calcium salt deposits in the bones

Answer 23

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D3) - Promotes bone health Calcitriol - impacts deposition into bones, resorption, kidney function, etc. Calcitonin - Promotes mineralization and lowers Ca2+ levels in the blood.

Answer 24

Osteoporosis - Increased bone weakness, bones become porous and brittle, increased risk of fracture/breaking. Occurs more frequently in elderly women and women who have had many children. Osteogenesis - A defect in collagen deposition that renders bones extremely brittle, resulting in fractures present at birth or occurring with extraordinary frequency during childhood. Can cause tooth deformity and hearing loss Achondroplasia - A disease that causes dwarfism via bones that are non-responsive to GH Hypothyroid Activity - Low thyroid activity causes dwarfism due to decreased & irregular growth rates Pituitary Gigantism - The pituitary gland produces GH in excess, causing bones to grow abnormally large Acromegaly - GH is produced at a constant rate throughout puberty and adulthood instead of tapering off, causing facial distortion and irregular bone growth post-ossification

Answer 25

Intravenous administration of chemicals designed to absorb toxic substances that have accumulated in the body. Used frequently for the treatment of exposure to heavy metals such as lead, mercury, cobalt, etc.

Answer 26

When a fracture initially occurs, a HEMATOMA (pool/clot of blood) forms Formation of the FIBROCARTILAGINOUS CALLUS (mass of repair tissue containing collagen fibers and cartilage) BONY CALLUS forms (spongy bone from the ossification of the fibrocartilaginous callus) BONE REMODELING occurs (the fracture is healed)

Answer 27

Comminuted - Bone fragments in three or more pieces, common in aged people with brittle bones Compression - The bone is crushed, common in porous bones (osteoporosis) Spiral - Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone, common in sports Epiphyseal - The epiphysis of the bone separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate, occurs where cartilage cells are dying and calcification is occurring Depressed - Broken bone portion is pressed inward, occurs in the skull Greenstick - Bone breaks incompletely, similar to how a green twig would break, common in children whose bones have more organic matrix and are more flexible

Answer 28

Openings in the body that are lined with mucous membranes. They produce moisture & warmth

Answer 29

Sexually Dimorphic (different in men vs. women) Male openings through the coxal bones are smaller, Female openings are larger for childbirth. Female pelvic girdle structure causes more wear & tear due to the position of the legs being slightly anterior to the vertebral column

Answer 30

Medial Longitudinal - Runs heel to toe along the middle of the foot Lateral Longitudinal - Heel to toe along the lateral/sides of the feet Transverse - Runs from one side of the foot to the other

Answer 31

One part of a child's maxilla doesn't develop, resulting in abnormal facial structures

Answer 32

Surgeon who pioneered the use of artificial joints in the early 1960s

Answer 33

Fibrous Joints - Created via fibrous connective tissues that allow virtually no movement Cartilaginous Joints - Created via cartilages that allow small amounts of movement Synovial Joints - Highly movable joints comprised of bones with a fibrous joint capsule surrounding it that allows a far greater ROM between the two articulating bones

Answer 34

Cranial Sutures - "lines" of fibrous connective tissue that hold the different cranial bones in place. Fibrous tissue is very short in length. Syndesmosis - A joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue is longer than it is in sutures Gomphosis - "Peg in socket" type of fibrous joint. Short fibrous tissues hold the "peg" in the "socket."

Answer 35

Serrate Suture - Zig-Zag ridges that fit together similar to a dovetail joint in woodworking Lap suture - Diagonal ridges that fit together similar to a miter joint in woodworking Plane suture - Straight/Flat ridges that fit together similar to a butt joint in woodworking

Answer 36

The tibiofibular joints are examples of syndesmosis joints

Answer 37

A tooth in its socket is an example of a gomphosis joint

Answer 38

Synchondroses - Bones united by hyaline cartilage Symphyses - Bones united by fibrocartilage

Answer 39

The joint between the first rib and the manubrium of the sternum

Answer 40

The pubic symphysis or the mandibular symphysis

Answer 41

Articular Cartilage - A layer of protective tissue that covers the articulating surfaces Synovial Membrane - A membrane between bones that produces synovial fluid that acts as a lubricant. The membrane is very delicate Fibrous Capsule - A sheet of fibrous tissue that surrounds the synovial membrane and provides support Ligamental Tissue - Connective tissue that holds bones together and limits the amount of movement they can display Bursae - fluid-filled sacs that act as cushions between articulating bones and provide further support in the ROM of a joint.

Answer 42

Plane Joint - Limited 2D movement Hinge Joint - Rotational 2D movement Pivot Joint - Specialized 2D movement Condyloid Joint - Limited 3D rotational movement Saddle Joint - Specialized 3D movement Ball & Socket Joint - Wide-ranging 3D movement

Answer 43

Carpals & Tarsals

Answer 44

Elbows & Knees

Answer 45

Radioulnar Joint

Answer 46

Between metacarpals & phalanges AND between metatarsals & phalanges

Answer 47

ONLY between the carpals & metacarpals of our thumbs

Answer 48

The femur in the acetabulum of the coxal bone & the humerus in the glenoid cavity of the scapula

Answer 49

The joint between the mandibular condyle and the cranium. Side-to-side movement of this joint can cause inflammation and potential joint failure. This kind of movement is commonly the cause of TMJ disorder

Answer 50

Rheumatoid Arthritis - Chronic inflammation and joint degeneration that is the result of an autoimmune response Osteoarthritis - Wear failure of joints, the articulating surfaces simply wear out

Answer 51

Gout - A disease in which uric acid crystals accumulate in the joints and irritate the articular cartilage and synovial membrane Synovitis - Inflammation of a joint capsule, often a complication of a sprain Tendinitis - A form of bursitis in which a tendon sheath is inflamed

Answer 52

Developed/designed many artificial joints