Exam 2 (Ch. 5-9 (skipping 6 and 7)) Flashcards
flashbulb memories
-a certain type of memory that is remembered better that others
-ex: JFKs assassination, 9/11
memories are often ___ based on available information
reconstructions
memory reconstructions are made from memories at hand which is why
-the process doesn’t always lead to correct recall
memory is the structures and processes …
involved in both storage and retrieval of information
encoding
the process of how info is initially learned
storage
the process of maintaining info over a short or long period of time
retrieval
the process in recovering information from memory to produce a response
2 types of sensory memory
-iconic memory
-echoic memory
iconic memory
-visual component of sensory memory
-creates and stores visual information
echoic memory
-the auditory component of sensory memory
-creates and stores visual sensory info
memory process
-encoding (mental representations)
-storing (placing into relatively permanent memory)
-retrieving (recalling)
George Sterling memory experiment
-letters flash on screen and subject must remember the letters
-people forget the letters almost immediately
-certain sounds helped to remember what line needed to be focused on
-result: partial reports are better than full reports
short term memory
-a system that actively holds onto a limited amount of info so that it can be manipulated and processed
-often called the contents of consciousness, immediate, or working memory
characteristics of short term memory
-representation (the kind of info a memory system contains)
-duration (how long things can be kept before forgotten)
-capacity (how much info can be held)
traumatic memories often come with…
stories in a lot of detail
capacity
-how much we can hold in the mind at once
-the limit is what we can rehearse in about 2 sec
-limit is usually 7 items
the amount of things we can remember is called
-memory span
technique to condense information is is to
chunk information together
the modal memory model
memorize
3 ways we categorize long term memories
-episodic memory
-sematic memory
-procedural memory
ways we categorize long term memories: episodic memory
-contents pertain to specific events or episodes
-most autobiographical memories (things that happen to us)
ways we categorize long term memories: sematic memory
-contents pertain to specific facts or concepts without personal experience
-definitions and general knowledge
sematic=
meaning
ways we categorize long term memories: procedural memory
-contents pertain to how to do something
-includes most motor and athletic skills
elaborative rehearsal
-the process of manipulating info in immediate memory to connect it to other info already stored in long term memory
elaborative rehearsal chart
memorize
elaborative encoding
-2 levels of processing
-deep processing (encoding new info via connections to existing knowledge)
-shallow processing (encoding new info based on only its surface characteristics)
useful kinds of elaboration
-imagery
-organization
-distinctiveness
-self-reference
2 ways to improve memory
-timing and system design
-use of memories
2 ways to improve memory: timing and system design
-spaced practice is better than practice all at once
2 ways to improve memory: use of memories
-mnemonics give framework for encoding and recall
-memory palace
-acronyms
transfer appropriate processing
-using the same kind of mental processes during testing as encoding to enhance retrieval
errors of omission
-memory errors where info cannot be brought to mind
transcience
-memory of a particular event tends to degrade over time
absent mindedness
-memories are simply unavailable because of a failure to encode in the first place
blocking
not enough distinctive cues available to help recover a specific memory
errors of commission
memory errors where wrong or unwanted info s brought to mind
Hyperthymesia
-rare medical condition that leads to near perfect auto-biographical recall
-amygdala is larger and has more connections to hippocampus
interference theory of forgetting
-memories become irretrievable because they are obscured by other competing info
retroactive interference
new memories go on top of the stack so then the old memories are herder to get to
proactive interference
new memories go on bottom of the stack so then the old memories are easier to get to
2 types of amnesia
retrograde and anterograde
retrograde amnesia
-loss of memory prior to a traumatic event such as a blow to the head or other events
anterograde amnesia
-inability to encode new info into long term memory
-typically permanent and results from extensive damage to the hippocampus
personality
an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
most popular and well known personality type test
Myer Briggs test
the 3 regions of the mind
-conscious mind
-preconscious mind
-unconscious mind
conscious mind
connects with conscious awareness, we are aware of our thoughts and feelings at the moment
preconscious mind
connects with conscious and unconscious minds, connects info accessible to the conscious mind when needed
unconscious mind
connects with the preconscious mind, contains painful and threatening memories and impulses too threatening for conscious awareness
3 structural components of the mind
-Id, ego, and superego
Id
-core of personality, pleasure principle, eros and Thanatos (life drive and death drive)
Ego
-develops out of Id and subdues its impulses
-go-between for Id and reality
-reality principle
superego
-sense of right and wrong based on morality
-regulated by ego ideal and conscience
-exits at all levels of conscious awareness
the purpose of ego defense mechanisms
assist ego to deal with the conscious and unconscious
the 5 ego defense mechanisms
-repression
-reaction formula
-projection
-rationalization
-sublimation
repression
forgetting information to make other info stand out
-getting rid of the items on top of the stack to remember wats under them
short term memory: amount of items people can remember
-7 +/- 2
-5 to 9 items
reaction formula
-acting in the opposite way
-ex. hurting others when feeling bad about yourself
projection
-ex. Being married and being attracted to another person and blaming your spouse even though you are the one having the feelings
rationalization
-doing something that your superego feels uncomfortable about and making a story or excuse to make yourself feel better
-ex. Stealing from work and saying its ok because you don’t get paid enough, or everyone is doing it so why shouldn’t I
sublimation
-impulse that we feel uncomfortable about and direct the energy to something else that is socially acceptable
-ex. Teen boy has urge to be aggressive towards others but instead uses the energy in a sport such as football
the 5 psychosexual stages
-oral stage
-anal stage
-phallic stage
-latency period
-genital stage
a fixation will occur on a certain stage when…
someone has problems in the stage during development
oral stage
-kids explore world through mouth and learn about the world through those experiences
anal stage
-potty training
-1st independence from parents
phallic stage
-kids develop sense of how they are diff. from others
-diff between boys and girls and attraction
latency period
-kids start grouping by gender identity and believes that everyone not in their group has something wrong with them
-puberty hits and turns into adult sexuality
genital stage
-reach mature sexuality
-become attracted to opposite sex
strengths of the psychoanalytic perspective
-comprehensive and unifying perspective of personality
-stimulated the thinking of other perspectives of personality
-influences to disciplines inside and outside of psychology
limitations of the psychoanalytic perspective
-biased on clinical observations
-based on loose terms and difficult concepts
-problematic view of the female personality
explain the human mind to explain…
the behavior
striving for superiority is a motivational source to …
overcome imagine feelings of personal inferiority to reach full potential
-conscious level
principle of social interest
-considering the needs of others and the betterment of society as the principal goal when developing our full potential
goal of needs pyramid (top to bottom)
-self actualization
-esteem
-love and belonging
-safety needs
-physiological needs
self esteem
-overall favorability evaluation of ones sense of self
self actualization
tendency to seek self improvement and personal enhancement
conditional positive regard
-acceptance by others only when meeting their expectations
unconditional positive regard
-acceptance by others for who they are without passing judgment on them
internal locus control
-idea that we have influence over events in our lives
external locus of control
-idea that we do not have influence over events in our lives
a lot of personality is __ determined
biologically
basic purpose of neurological perspective
-access the extent to which physiological and brain processes influence the expression of personality
physiological factors of neurological perspective
-hormones and neurotransmitters
basic purpose of neurological perspective
-includes the operation of certain brain structures
5 parts of personality
-extraversion
-openness to experience
-conscientiousness
-agreeableness
-neurotism
reliability
-how consistent a measure is
-test-retest
validity
-predictable and reoccurring results
the prenatal period has 4 parts
zygote (conception to2 weeks)
embryo (2 to 8 weeks)
fetus (9 to birth)
teratogens
harmful agents that can cause harm during prenatal development
Jean Piaget
-worked in France on IQ test and helped made school mandatory
-used test to put kids in certain levels of school
-noticed pattern among kids
Jean Piaget’s stages of development
- sensorimotor (object permeance)
- preoperational (animism and egocentrism)
- concrete operational (identity, compensation, and inversion)
- formal operational (abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning)
assimilation
taking a new object and fitting it into an old concept
accomodation
-refining an older concept to adapt to new ideas
attachment
the significant social bonds tat form between caregivers and their young
imprinting
-biological attachment
-baby geese imprint on mother/ caregiver
biological needs
comfort contact
nutrients
4 different attachment styles
-secure attachment
-insecure-resistant attachment
-insecure- avoidant attachment
-disorganized attachment
secure attachment
adjusts calmly to parent leaving and returning
-healthy
insecure- resistant attachment
holds onto parent to prevent separation
insecure-avoidant attachment
-shows little interest when the parent leaves or reappears
disorganized attachment
-wants to be close to but also away from parent
adolescents go through 3 different forms of development
-cognitive and brain development
-social development
-identity development
cognitive and brain development (3 parts)
-formal operational stage (12+, can think of hypothetical events)
-prefrontal cortex development (adolescents tend to take more risks, prefrontal develops till mid 20s)
-executive functions (development of prefrontal cortex support cognitive processes that help with impulsive control)
social development (3 parts)
-adolescent egocentrism and imaginary audience (adolescents feel like everyone is watching them)
-personal fables (adolescents think they are not vulnerable and that they are unique)
-relationships with parents and peers (peer relationships have increasing influence)
identity development (4 parts)
-foreclosed identity (low identity exploration, prematurely deciding on ones identity)
-identity diffusion (unable to make any decisions about ones identity)
-psychosocial moratorium (high exploration, identity crisis, unable to make a choice regarding ones identity)
-identity achievement (high exploration and commitment to ones identity)
dementia
deterioration of brain function
Alzheimer’s disease
-one form of dementia
-impairs memory, language, and cognitive function
adult attachment styles (3 types)
-secure or autonomous attachment (enjoys emotional closeness and independence)
-anxious or preoccupies attachment (wants constant intimacy and avoids independence)
-dismissive or avoidant attachment (prefers independence and avoids relationship)
major life milestones (3)
-marriage
-parenthood (may affect marriage but also related to meaning in life)
-retirement (must learn to adapt)
the stages of death (grief)
-denial
-anger
-bargaining
-depression
-acceptance
