Exam 2 (Ch. 5-9 (skipping 6 and 7)) Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
flashbulb memories
A
-a certain type of memory that is remembered better that others
-ex: JFKs assassination, 9/11
2
Q
memories are often ___ based on available information
A
reconstructions
3
Q
memory reconstructions are made from memories at hand which is why
A
-the process doesn’t always lead to correct recall
4
Q
memory is the structures and processes …
A
involved in both storage and retrieval of information
5
Q
encoding
A
the process of how info is initially learned
6
Q
storage
A
the process of maintaining info over a short or long period of time
7
Q
retrieval
A
the process in recovering information from memory to produce a response
8
Q
2 types of sensory memory
A
-iconic memory
-echoic memory
9
Q
iconic memory
A
-visual component of sensory memory
-creates and stores visual information
10
Q
echoic memory
A
-the auditory component of sensory memory
-creates and stores visual sensory info
11
Q
memory process
A
-encoding (mental representations)
-storing (placing into relatively permanent memory)
-retrieving (recalling)
12
Q
George Sterling memory experiment
A
-letters flash on screen and subject must remember the letters
-people forget the letters almost immediately
-certain sounds helped to remember what line needed to be focused on
-result: partial reports are better than full reports
13
Q
short term memory
A
-a system that actively holds onto a limited amount of info so that it can be manipulated and processed
-often called the contents of consciousness, immediate, or working memory
14
Q
characteristics of short term memory
A
-representation (the kind of info a memory system contains)
-duration (how long things can be kept before forgotten)
-capacity (how much info can be held)
15
Q
traumatic memories often come with…
A
stories in a lot of detail
16
Q
capacity
A
-how much we can hold in the mind at once
-the limit is what we can rehearse in about 2 sec
-limit is usually 7 items
17
Q
the amount of things we can remember is called
A
-memory span
18
Q
technique to condense information is is to
A
chunk information together
19
Q
the modal memory model
A
memorize
20
Q
3 ways we categorize long term memories
A
-episodic memory
-sematic memory
-procedural memory
21
Q
ways we categorize long term memories: episodic memory
A
-contents pertain to specific events or episodes
-most autobiographical memories (things that happen to us)
22
Q
ways we categorize long term memories: sematic memory
A
-contents pertain to specific facts or concepts without personal experience
-definitions and general knowledge
23
Q
sematic=
A
meaning
24
Q
ways we categorize long term memories: procedural memory
A
-contents pertain to how to do something
-includes most motor and athletic skills
25
elaborative rehearsal
-the process of manipulating info in immediate memory to connect it to other info already stored in long term memory
26
elaborative rehearsal chart
memorize
27
elaborative encoding
-2 levels of processing
-deep processing (encoding new info via connections to existing knowledge)
-shallow processing (encoding new info based on only its surface characteristics)
28
useful kinds of elaboration
-imagery
-organization
-distinctiveness
-self-reference
29
2 ways to improve memory
-timing and system design
-use of memories
30
2 ways to improve memory: timing and system design
-spaced practice is better than practice all at once
31
2 ways to improve memory: use of memories
-mnemonics give framework for encoding and recall
-memory palace
-acronyms
32
transfer appropriate processing
-using the same kind of mental processes during testing as encoding to enhance retrieval
33
errors of omission
-memory errors where info cannot be brought to mind
34
transcience
-memory of a particular event tends to degrade over time
35
absent mindedness
-memories are simply unavailable because of a failure to encode in the first place
36
blocking
not enough distinctive cues available to help recover a specific memory
37
errors of commission
memory errors where wrong or unwanted info s brought to mind
38
Hyperthymesia
-rare medical condition that leads to near perfect auto-biographical recall
-amygdala is larger and has more connections to hippocampus
39
interference theory of forgetting
-memories become irretrievable because they are obscured by other competing info
40
retroactive interference
new memories go on top of the stack so then the old memories are herder to get to
41
proactive interference
new memories go on bottom of the stack so then the old memories are easier to get to
42
2 types of amnesia
retrograde and anterograde
43
retrograde amnesia
-loss of memory prior to a traumatic event such as a blow to the head or other events
44
anterograde amnesia
-inability to encode new info into long term memory
-typically permanent and results from extensive damage to the hippocampus
45
personality
an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
46
most popular and well known personality type test
Myer Briggs test
47
the 3 regions of the mind
-conscious mind
-preconscious mind
-unconscious mind
48
conscious mind
connects with conscious awareness, we are aware of our thoughts and feelings at the moment
49
preconscious mind
connects with conscious and unconscious minds, connects info accessible to the conscious mind when needed
50
unconscious mind
connects with the preconscious mind, contains painful and threatening memories and impulses too threatening for conscious awareness
51
3 structural components of the mind
-Id, ego, and superego
52
Id
-core of personality, pleasure principle, eros and Thanatos (life drive and death drive)
53
Ego
-develops out of Id and subdues its impulses
-go-between for Id and reality
-reality principle
54
superego
-sense of right and wrong based on morality
-regulated by ego ideal and conscience
-exits at all levels of conscious awareness
55
the purpose of ego defense mechanisms
assist ego to deal with the conscious and unconscious
56
the 5 ego defense mechanisms
-repression
-reaction formula
-projection
-rationalization
-sublimation
57
repression
forgetting information to make other info stand out
-getting rid of the items on top of the stack to remember wats under them
58
short term memory: amount of items people can remember
-7 +/- 2
-5 to 9 items
59
reaction formula
-acting in the opposite way
-ex. hurting others when feeling bad about yourself
60
projection
-ex. Being married and being attracted to another person and blaming your spouse even though you are the one having the feelings
61
rationalization
-doing something that your superego feels uncomfortable about and making a story or excuse to make yourself feel better
-ex. Stealing from work and saying its ok because you don’t get paid enough, or everyone is doing it so why shouldn’t I
62
sublimation
-impulse that we feel uncomfortable about and direct the energy to something else that is socially acceptable
-ex. Teen boy has urge to be aggressive towards others but instead uses the energy in a sport such as football
63
the 5 psychosexual stages
-oral stage
-anal stage
-phallic stage
-latency period
-genital stage
64
a fixation will occur on a certain stage when...
someone has problems in the stage during development
65
oral stage
-kids explore world through mouth and learn about the world through those experiences
66
anal stage
-potty training
-1st independence from parents
67
phallic stage
-kids develop sense of how they are diff. from others
-diff between boys and girls and attraction
68
latency period
-kids start grouping by gender identity and believes that everyone not in their group has something wrong with them
-puberty hits and turns into adult sexuality
69
genital stage
-reach mature sexuality
-become attracted to opposite sex
70
strengths of the psychoanalytic perspective
-comprehensive and unifying perspective of personality
-stimulated the thinking of other perspectives of personality
-influences to disciplines inside and outside of psychology
71
limitations of the psychoanalytic perspective
-biased on clinical observations
-based on loose terms and difficult concepts
-problematic view of the female personality
72
explain the human mind to explain...
the behavior
73
striving for superiority is a motivational source to ...
overcome imagine feelings of personal inferiority to reach full potential
-conscious level
74
principle of social interest
-considering the needs of others and the betterment of society as the principal goal when developing our full potential
75
goal of needs pyramid (top to bottom)
-self actualization
-esteem
-love and belonging
-safety needs
-physiological needs
76
self esteem
-overall favorability evaluation of ones sense of self
77
self actualization
tendency to seek self improvement and personal enhancement
78
conditional positive regard
-acceptance by others only when meeting their expectations
79
unconditional positive regard
-acceptance by others for who they are without passing judgment on them
80
internal locus control
-idea that we have influence over events in our lives
81
external locus of control
-idea that we do not have influence over events in our lives
82
a lot of personality is __ determined
biologically
83
basic purpose of neurological perspective
-access the extent to which physiological and brain processes influence the expression of personality
84
physiological factors of neurological perspective
-hormones and neurotransmitters
85
basic purpose of neurological perspective
-includes the operation of certain brain structures
86
5 parts of personality
-extraversion
-openness to experience
-conscientiousness
-agreeableness
-neurotism
87
reliability
-how consistent a measure is
-test-retest
88
validity
-predictable and reoccurring results
89
the prenatal period has 4 parts
zygote (conception to2 weeks)
embryo (2 to 8 weeks)
fetus (9 to birth)
90
teratogens
harmful agents that can cause harm during prenatal development
91
Jean Piaget
-worked in France on IQ test and helped made school mandatory
-used test to put kids in certain levels of school
-noticed pattern among kids
92
Jean Piaget's stages of development
1. sensorimotor (object permeance)
2. preoperational (animism and egocentrism)
3. concrete operational (identity, compensation, and inversion)
4. formal operational (abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning)
93
assimilation
taking a new object and fitting it into an old concept
94
accomodation
-refining an older concept to adapt to new ideas
95
attachment
the significant social bonds tat form between caregivers and their young
96
imprinting
-biological attachment
-baby geese imprint on mother/ caregiver
97
biological needs
comfort contact
nutrients
98
4 different attachment styles
-secure attachment
-insecure-resistant attachment
-insecure- avoidant attachment
-disorganized attachment
99
secure attachment
adjusts calmly to parent leaving and returning
-healthy
100
insecure- resistant attachment
holds onto parent to prevent separation
101
insecure-avoidant attachment
-shows little interest when the parent leaves or reappears
102
disorganized attachment
-wants to be close to but also away from parent
103
adolescents go through 3 different forms of development
-cognitive and brain development
-social development
-identity development
104
cognitive and brain development (3 parts)
-formal operational stage (12+, can think of hypothetical events)
-prefrontal cortex development (adolescents tend to take more risks, prefrontal develops till mid 20s)
-executive functions (development of prefrontal cortex support cognitive processes that help with impulsive control)
105
social development (3 parts)
-adolescent egocentrism and imaginary audience (adolescents feel like everyone is watching them)
-personal fables (adolescents think they are not vulnerable and that they are unique)
-relationships with parents and peers (peer relationships have increasing influence)
106
identity development (4 parts)
-foreclosed identity (low identity exploration, prematurely deciding on ones identity)
-identity diffusion (unable to make any decisions about ones identity)
-psychosocial moratorium (high exploration, identity crisis, unable to make a choice regarding ones identity)
-identity achievement (high exploration and commitment to ones identity)
107
dementia
deterioration of brain function
108
Alzheimer's disease
-one form of dementia
-impairs memory, language, and cognitive function
109
adult attachment styles (3 types)
-secure or autonomous attachment (enjoys emotional closeness and independence)
-anxious or preoccupies attachment (wants constant intimacy and avoids independence)
-dismissive or avoidant attachment (prefers independence and avoids relationship)
110
major life milestones (3)
-marriage
-parenthood (may affect marriage but also related to meaning in life)
-retirement (must learn to adapt)
111
the stages of death (grief)
-denial
-anger
-bargaining
-depression
-acceptance
