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Intro to Psychology > Exam 2 (Ch. 5-9 (skipping 6 and 7)) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Ch. 5-9 (skipping 6 and 7)) Flashcards

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1
Q

flashbulb memories

A

-a certain type of memory that is remembered better that others
-ex: JFKs assassination, 9/11

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2
Q

memories are often ___ based on available information

A

reconstructions

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3
Q

memory reconstructions are made from memories at hand which is why

A

-the process doesn’t always lead to correct recall

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4
Q

memory is the structures and processes …

A

involved in both storage and retrieval of information

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5
Q

encoding

A

the process of how info is initially learned

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6
Q

storage

A

the process of maintaining info over a short or long period of time

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7
Q

retrieval

A

the process in recovering information from memory to produce a response

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8
Q

2 types of sensory memory

A

-iconic memory
-echoic memory

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9
Q

iconic memory

A

-visual component of sensory memory
-creates and stores visual information

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10
Q

echoic memory

A

-the auditory component of sensory memory
-creates and stores visual sensory info

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11
Q

memory process

A

-encoding (mental representations)
-storing (placing into relatively permanent memory)
-retrieving (recalling)

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12
Q

George Sterling memory experiment

A

-letters flash on screen and subject must remember the letters
-people forget the letters almost immediately
-certain sounds helped to remember what line needed to be focused on
-result: partial reports are better than full reports

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13
Q

short term memory

A

-a system that actively holds onto a limited amount of info so that it can be manipulated and processed
-often called the contents of consciousness, immediate, or working memory

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14
Q

characteristics of short term memory

A

-representation (the kind of info a memory system contains)
-duration (how long things can be kept before forgotten)
-capacity (how much info can be held)

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15
Q

traumatic memories often come with…

A

stories in a lot of detail

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16
Q

capacity

A

-how much we can hold in the mind at once
-the limit is what we can rehearse in about 2 sec
-limit is usually 7 items

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17
Q

the amount of things we can remember is called

A

-memory span

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18
Q

technique to condense information is is to

A

chunk information together

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19
Q

the modal memory model

A

memorize

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20
Q

3 ways we categorize long term memories

A

-episodic memory
-sematic memory
-procedural memory

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21
Q

ways we categorize long term memories: episodic memory

A

-contents pertain to specific events or episodes
-most autobiographical memories (things that happen to us)

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22
Q

ways we categorize long term memories: sematic memory

A

-contents pertain to specific facts or concepts without personal experience
-definitions and general knowledge

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23
Q

sematic=

A

meaning

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24
Q

ways we categorize long term memories: procedural memory

A

-contents pertain to how to do something
-includes most motor and athletic skills

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25
Q

elaborative rehearsal

A

-the process of manipulating info in immediate memory to connect it to other info already stored in long term memory

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26
Q

elaborative rehearsal chart

A

memorize

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27
Q

elaborative encoding

A

-2 levels of processing
-deep processing (encoding new info via connections to existing knowledge)
-shallow processing (encoding new info based on only its surface characteristics)

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28
Q

useful kinds of elaboration

A

-imagery
-organization
-distinctiveness
-self-reference

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29
Q

2 ways to improve memory

A

-timing and system design
-use of memories

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30
Q

2 ways to improve memory: timing and system design

A

-spaced practice is better than practice all at once

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31
Q

2 ways to improve memory: use of memories

A

-mnemonics give framework for encoding and recall
-memory palace
-acronyms

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32
Q

transfer appropriate processing

A

-using the same kind of mental processes during testing as encoding to enhance retrieval

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33
Q

errors of omission

A

-memory errors where info cannot be brought to mind

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34
Q

transcience

A

-memory of a particular event tends to degrade over time

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35
Q

absent mindedness

A

-memories are simply unavailable because of a failure to encode in the first place

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36
Q

blocking

A

not enough distinctive cues available to help recover a specific memory

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37
Q

errors of commission

A

memory errors where wrong or unwanted info s brought to mind

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38
Q

Hyperthymesia

A

-rare medical condition that leads to near perfect auto-biographical recall
-amygdala is larger and has more connections to hippocampus

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39
Q

interference theory of forgetting

A

-memories become irretrievable because they are obscured by other competing info

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40
Q

retroactive interference

A

new memories go on top of the stack so then the old memories are herder to get to

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41
Q

proactive interference

A

new memories go on bottom of the stack so then the old memories are easier to get to

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42
Q

2 types of amnesia

A

retrograde and anterograde

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43
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

-loss of memory prior to a traumatic event such as a blow to the head or other events

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44
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

-inability to encode new info into long term memory
-typically permanent and results from extensive damage to the hippocampus

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45
Q

personality

A

an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

46
Q

most popular and well known personality type test

A

Myer Briggs test

47
Q

the 3 regions of the mind

A

-conscious mind
-preconscious mind
-unconscious mind

48
Q

conscious mind

A

connects with conscious awareness, we are aware of our thoughts and feelings at the moment

49
Q

preconscious mind

A

connects with conscious and unconscious minds, connects info accessible to the conscious mind when needed

50
Q

unconscious mind

A

connects with the preconscious mind, contains painful and threatening memories and impulses too threatening for conscious awareness

51
Q

3 structural components of the mind

A

-Id, ego, and superego

52
Q

Id

A

-core of personality, pleasure principle, eros and Thanatos (life drive and death drive)

53
Q

Ego

A

-develops out of Id and subdues its impulses
-go-between for Id and reality
-reality principle

54
Q

superego

A

-sense of right and wrong based on morality
-regulated by ego ideal and conscience
-exits at all levels of conscious awareness

55
Q

the purpose of ego defense mechanisms

A

assist ego to deal with the conscious and unconscious

56
Q

the 5 ego defense mechanisms

A

-repression
-reaction formula
-projection
-rationalization
-sublimation

57
Q

repression

A

forgetting information to make other info stand out
-getting rid of the items on top of the stack to remember wats under them

58
Q

short term memory: amount of items people can remember

A

-7 +/- 2
-5 to 9 items

59
Q

reaction formula

A

-acting in the opposite way
-ex. hurting others when feeling bad about yourself

60
Q

projection

A

-ex. Being married and being attracted to another person and blaming your spouse even though you are the one having the feelings

61
Q

rationalization

A

-doing something that your superego feels uncomfortable about and making a story or excuse to make yourself feel better
-ex. Stealing from work and saying its ok because you don’t get paid enough, or everyone is doing it so why shouldn’t I

62
Q

sublimation

A

-impulse that we feel uncomfortable about and direct the energy to something else that is socially acceptable
-ex. Teen boy has urge to be aggressive towards others but instead uses the energy in a sport such as football

63
Q

the 5 psychosexual stages

A

-oral stage
-anal stage
-phallic stage
-latency period
-genital stage

64
Q

a fixation will occur on a certain stage when…

A

someone has problems in the stage during development

65
Q

oral stage

A

-kids explore world through mouth and learn about the world through those experiences

66
Q

anal stage

A

-potty training
-1st independence from parents

67
Q

phallic stage

A

-kids develop sense of how they are diff. from others
-diff between boys and girls and attraction

68
Q

latency period

A

-kids start grouping by gender identity and believes that everyone not in their group has something wrong with them
-puberty hits and turns into adult sexuality

69
Q

genital stage

A

-reach mature sexuality
-become attracted to opposite sex

70
Q

strengths of the psychoanalytic perspective

A

-comprehensive and unifying perspective of personality
-stimulated the thinking of other perspectives of personality
-influences to disciplines inside and outside of psychology

71
Q

limitations of the psychoanalytic perspective

A

-biased on clinical observations
-based on loose terms and difficult concepts
-problematic view of the female personality

72
Q

explain the human mind to explain…

A

the behavior

73
Q

striving for superiority is a motivational source to …

A

overcome imagine feelings of personal inferiority to reach full potential
-conscious level

74
Q

principle of social interest

A

-considering the needs of others and the betterment of society as the principal goal when developing our full potential

75
Q

goal of needs pyramid (top to bottom)

A

-self actualization
-esteem
-love and belonging
-safety needs
-physiological needs

76
Q

self esteem

A

-overall favorability evaluation of ones sense of self

77
Q

self actualization

A

tendency to seek self improvement and personal enhancement

78
Q

conditional positive regard

A

-acceptance by others only when meeting their expectations

79
Q

unconditional positive regard

A

-acceptance by others for who they are without passing judgment on them

80
Q

internal locus control

A

-idea that we have influence over events in our lives

81
Q

external locus of control

A

-idea that we do not have influence over events in our lives

82
Q

a lot of personality is __ determined

A

biologically

83
Q

basic purpose of neurological perspective

A

-access the extent to which physiological and brain processes influence the expression of personality

84
Q

physiological factors of neurological perspective

A

-hormones and neurotransmitters

85
Q

basic purpose of neurological perspective

A

-includes the operation of certain brain structures

86
Q

5 parts of personality

A

-extraversion
-openness to experience
-conscientiousness
-agreeableness
-neurotism

87
Q

reliability

A

-how consistent a measure is
-test-retest

88
Q

validity

A

-predictable and reoccurring results

89
Q

the prenatal period has 4 parts

A

zygote (conception to2 weeks)
embryo (2 to 8 weeks)
fetus (9 to birth)

90
Q

teratogens

A

harmful agents that can cause harm during prenatal development

91
Q

Jean Piaget

A

-worked in France on IQ test and helped made school mandatory
-used test to put kids in certain levels of school
-noticed pattern among kids

92
Q

Jean Piaget’s stages of development

A
  1. sensorimotor (object permeance)
  2. preoperational (animism and egocentrism)
  3. concrete operational (identity, compensation, and inversion)
  4. formal operational (abstract thinking and hypothetical reasoning)
93
Q

assimilation

A

taking a new object and fitting it into an old concept

94
Q

accomodation

A

-refining an older concept to adapt to new ideas

95
Q

attachment

A

the significant social bonds tat form between caregivers and their young

96
Q

imprinting

A

-biological attachment
-baby geese imprint on mother/ caregiver

97
Q

biological needs

A

comfort contact
nutrients

98
Q

4 different attachment styles

A

-secure attachment
-insecure-resistant attachment
-insecure- avoidant attachment
-disorganized attachment

99
Q

secure attachment

A

adjusts calmly to parent leaving and returning
-healthy

100
Q

insecure- resistant attachment

A

holds onto parent to prevent separation

101
Q

insecure-avoidant attachment

A

-shows little interest when the parent leaves or reappears

102
Q

disorganized attachment

A

-wants to be close to but also away from parent

103
Q

adolescents go through 3 different forms of development

A

-cognitive and brain development
-social development
-identity development

104
Q

cognitive and brain development (3 parts)

A

-formal operational stage (12+, can think of hypothetical events)
-prefrontal cortex development (adolescents tend to take more risks, prefrontal develops till mid 20s)
-executive functions (development of prefrontal cortex support cognitive processes that help with impulsive control)

105
Q

social development (3 parts)

A

-adolescent egocentrism and imaginary audience (adolescents feel like everyone is watching them)
-personal fables (adolescents think they are not vulnerable and that they are unique)
-relationships with parents and peers (peer relationships have increasing influence)

106
Q

identity development (4 parts)

A

-foreclosed identity (low identity exploration, prematurely deciding on ones identity)
-identity diffusion (unable to make any decisions about ones identity)
-psychosocial moratorium (high exploration, identity crisis, unable to make a choice regarding ones identity)
-identity achievement (high exploration and commitment to ones identity)

107
Q

dementia

A

deterioration of brain function

108
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

-one form of dementia
-impairs memory, language, and cognitive function

109
Q

adult attachment styles (3 types)

A

-secure or autonomous attachment (enjoys emotional closeness and independence)
-anxious or preoccupies attachment (wants constant intimacy and avoids independence)
-dismissive or avoidant attachment (prefers independence and avoids relationship)

110
Q

major life milestones (3)

A

-marriage
-parenthood (may affect marriage but also related to meaning in life)
-retirement (must learn to adapt)

111
Q

the stages of death (grief)

A

-denial
-anger
-bargaining
-depression
-acceptance

Intro to Psychology (4 decks)

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