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Intro to Psychology > Exam 1 (Ch 1-4 (skipping 3)) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Ch 1-4 (skipping 3)) Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology is from 2 different fields:

A

philosophy: questions about the mind
physiologists: detailed the anatomy of the brain
phil+ physi= psych

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2
Q

psych is the scientific study of both…

A

behavior and mind

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3
Q

scientific study

A

-knowledge is discovered through empirical observation

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4
Q

behavior

A

any kind of observable action, including words, gestures, and biological activity

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5
Q

mind

A

-the contents of conscious experience, including sensation, perceptions, thoughts, and emotions

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6
Q

nature vs nurture

A

the question of how much a persons characteristics are formed by either nature or nurture

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7
Q

nature

A

-genes and biology
-some psychologists believe we are born with some knowledge

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8
Q

nurture

A

-environment
-knowledge we have from direct experience

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9
Q

environment

A

-peers, education, social media

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10
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

-1st psychologist
-father of modern psych
-advocate for using scientific techniques

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11
Q

Wilhelm Wundt studied…

A

-immediate conscious experience

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12
Q

structuralism is defined as…

A

-structure of the mind by breaking it down into parts to simplify

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13
Q

structuralism was founded by…

A

Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener

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14
Q

functionalism

A

-interested in the purpose of a process rather that its components
-influenced by Darwin

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15
Q

Behavioralism

A

-reaction to introspection and the “unknowable” mind
-focuses only on observable behavior

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16
Q

introspection

A

-the examination or observation of ones own mental and emotional processes

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17
Q

the cognitive revolution

A

-focuses on mental states and internal processes
-influenced by computers

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18
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

-neurologist
-focused on psychoanalysis
-1st major movement in clinical psychology
-used cocaine to study himself
-“Freud= unconscious”
-talking thought problems

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19
Q

psychoanalysis

A

-focuses on the influence of the unconscious mind
-used to help patients solve psychological problems through insight

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20
Q

humanism and positive psychology

A

-opposite of Freuds pessimistic view of human nature
-focused on human condition and capacity for change
-focus on what’s good about people
-self help

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21
Q

there are __ steps in the scientific method

A

5

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22
Q

the steps of the scientific method

A

-observation
-forming a question
-forming a hypothesis
-testing a a hypothesis
-replicating

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23
Q

observe behavior without manipulation

A

-most representing of real world behavior
-no control of behavior
-difficult to determine exact cause of behavior

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24
Q

joining the group to learn

A

-interacting with the population of interest
-allows for insight from a participants perspective
-may not be repeatable

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25
Q

case study

A

-in depth about one person, group, or situation
-collect a lot of detail
-not an experiment

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26
Q

Case study ex. Phineas Gage

A

-railroad worker accident
-personality change due to part of brain being destroyed

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27
Q

Case study ex. Henry Molison

A

-seizures so surgeon removed his hippocampus
-no seizures but could not retain long term memories

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28
Q

surveys

A

-participants answer standard questions
-easy to administer
-lots of information
-bias

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29
Q

ethics in psychology principles

A

-set of principles of how people should be treated, educated, and respected while in a study

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30
Q

general ethical principles

A

-beneficence and nonmaleficence (doing good without harm)
-fidelity and responsibility (honest and responsible for maintaining ethics)
-integrity
-justice
-respect

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31
Q

special ethical conditions (consent)

A

-participants that are not able to legally give informed consent such as children

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32
Q

2 forms of consent for participation

A

-consent from parent or guardian
-consent from potential participant

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33
Q

special ethical conditions (study)

A

-informed consent may affect participants natural behavior/ reactions
-some studies may not reveal the true nature of study until after participation is complete (called deception)

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34
Q

2 variables connected are referred to as ___

A

correlated

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35
Q

correlation is…

A

the direction and strength of a relationship between 2 variables

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36
Q

correlation does not mean ___

A

causation
-does not mean one affects the other

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37
Q

we test theories through…

A

controlled experiments

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38
Q

hypothesis

A

an educated guess about the outcome of an experiment

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39
Q

a hypothesis must be…

A

-consistent with prior observation
-simple and specific
-measurable
-falsifiable

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40
Q

independent variable

A

-what the experimenter changes

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41
Q

dependent variable

A

-what the participant does

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42
Q

extraneous variable

A

-uncontrolled events

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43
Q

experimental group

A

-conducting experiments on
-exposed to independent variable
-measure the effect of the independent variable

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44
Q

dependent group

A

-not conducting experiment on
-not influenced by independent variable

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45
Q

control group

A

used to compare experiment results with behavior affected only by naturally occurring conditions

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46
Q

placebo

A

-“fake” independent variable

47
Q

ex of observing behavior: naturalistic observation

A

-observing behavior in the real world usually in a group
-limits: bias, cant control experiment, can be unethical

48
Q

a case study cannot be __

A

replicated

49
Q

a survey can be biased because people can be…

A

nervous and uncomfortable and withhold information

50
Q

neurons

A

cells specialized for communication

51
Q

dendrites (neuron)

A

-receive messages and initiate electrical activity
-arms that extend off of the nucleus end of the neuron

52
Q

axons (neuron)

A

-conduct electrical activity and release chemical neurotransmitters
-looks like beads on the middle of the neuron

53
Q

myelin sheath (neuron)

A

-speeds up electrical activity

54
Q

signal travels in this direction (neuron)

A
  1. dendrite
  2. soma
    3.nucleus
    4.axon
    5.axon terminal
55
Q

soma (neuron)

A

the arm that connects to dendrites to the nucleus

56
Q

nucleus

A

-decision making part of the cell

57
Q

axon terminal (neuron)

A

-other end of the neuron opposite to the nucleus end
-the arms that have beads at the end

58
Q

myelin sheath (neuron)

A

-protects axon so signals don’t affect each other

59
Q

Schwann cell

A

-cell in the axon

60
Q

some neurons have no myelin sheath because…

A

-a slow process is preferred
-such as fear

61
Q

terminal buttons (neuron)

A

-end of the axon terminal

62
Q

vesicles (neuron)

A

-blue bubbles containing neurotransmitters

63
Q

synapse (neuron)

A

-fluid filled space between neurons
-also known as the synaptic cleft

64
Q

neurons at rest have a ___ internal charge

A

-negative

65
Q

when channels in the cell membrane open… (neuron)

A

ions rush in or out

66
Q

3 main specific ions (neuron)

A

-sodium (Na+)
-chlorine (Cl-)
-potassium (K+)

67
Q

the fluid outside the neuron has a __ charge and the cytoplasm of a neuron has a ___ charge

A

-positive
-negative

68
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

-increases probability of neuron becoming active

69
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

-decreases probability of neuron becoming active

70
Q

the nervous system has __ major divisions which are ___

A

-2
-central and peripheral

71
Q

the nervous system

A

-nerves facilitate communication with the body and also control the body
-both in the efferent and afferent direction
-command center

72
Q

efferent

A

away

73
Q

afferent

A

towards

74
Q

central nervous system

A

-brain and spine
-reflexes

75
Q

brain

A

-each lobs has a specific set of functions
-receives input from the body
-old brain vs new brain (new is more complex with more functions)

76
Q

frontal lobe

A

-making decisions and movement

77
Q

motor cortex

A

-performing voluntary movement

78
Q

-prefrontal cortex

A

-deciding when, why, and how to complete actions

79
Q

parietal lobe

A

-processing numbers and performing calculations

80
Q

corpus callosum

A

-connects 2 hemispheres of brain and shares information

81
Q

occipital lobe

A

-visual processing

82
Q

somatosensory and motor complex

A

-touch and movement
-plasticity

83
Q

plasticity

A

-brain adapts to change
-a lot more when young
-why we can learn language easier when young

84
Q

regions of the temporal lobe

A

-formation of new memories
-neurons in these lobes process hearing and smell

85
Q

the limbic system

A

-stores emotional memories
-houses the amygdala which is responsible for fear response
-in the center of brain (looks like a bean)

86
Q

amygdala

A

-apart of limbic system
-responsible for fear

87
Q

hippocampus (LS)

A

-looks like a seahorse
-translates memories that come into long term memory

88
Q

hypothalamic (LS)

A

-also involved in emotion
-the 4 F’s

89
Q

Thalamus (LS)

A

-responsible for routing sensory info to parts of the brain
-houses the occipital cortex

90
Q

the limbic system also has these 3 sections

A

-hippocampus
-hypothalamic
-thalamus

91
Q

endocrine system

A

-works through bloodstream and hormones
-nervous system helps control it
-glands and hormones
-regulates sleep, flight, fight

92
Q

research methods in biology and neuroscience

A

-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
=positron emission tomography (PET)

93
Q

learning is…

A

1.relatively permanent
2.change in behavior or mental process
3.occurs from our interactions with the environment

94
Q

examples of something that is not learned

A

-instinct and reflexes

95
Q

reflexes

A

-not qualify as learning
-born with them
-response from a trigger
-may only be there for a short period of time

96
Q

Pavlovian or classical conditioning (learning)

A

a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response because it signals another stimulus
-ex. ringing bell when dog is fed

97
Q

operant or instrumental conditioning

A

-a response becomes more or less likely to occur depending on its consequence
-grounding or praising

98
Q

social or observational conditioning

A

-an observer imitates another persons behavior
-younger siblings learning from older siblings

99
Q

unconditional stimulus (cat)

A

-naturally elicits response
-ex.cat food

100
Q

unconditional response (cat)

A

-natural response to biologically relevant stimulus
-ex. saliva

101
Q

neutral stimulus (cat)

A

-does not naturally elicit response
-ex. can opener sound

102
Q

conditional stimulus (cat)

A

-elicits response due to learning
ex. can opener sound

103
Q

conditional response (cat)

A

-learned response to environment stimulus
-ex. saliva

104
Q

extinction

A

conditioned response is weakened or eliminated when conditional stimulus is present without unconditional stimulus

105
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

-conditional stimulus is presented again with unconditional stimulus
-conditional stimulus elicits conditional stimulus

106
Q

J.B Watson and little albert

A

-generate fear to previously neutral stimuli
-fear from white and fluffy stimuli

107
Q

the 4 operant contingencies

A

-positive reinforcement: social approval and money
-negative reinforcement: escape and avoidance
-positive punishment: social disapproval and painful stimulus
-negative punishment: response cost and timeout

108
Q

positive

A

add

109
Q

negative

A

take away

110
Q

most punishments fail because…

A

-to far after the “offense” to have affect
-strong
-certain
-provide alternative response

111
Q

shaping

A

-successive approximations
-completing actions in order to get reinforcement
-get to the goal in steps (each give reinforcement)

112
Q

phobias

A

irrational fear of a neutral object

113
Q

fetish

A

-pleasure from a neutral object

Intro to Psychology (4 decks)

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