Exam 1 (Ch 1-4 (skipping 3))

Question 1

psychology is from 2 different fields:

Answer 1

philosophy: questions about the mind
physiologists: detailed the anatomy of the brain
phil+ physi= psych

Question 2

psych is the scientific study of both…

Answer 2

behavior and mind

Question 3

scientific study

Answer 3

-knowledge is discovered through empirical observation

Question 4

behavior

Answer 4

any kind of observable action, including words, gestures, and biological activity

Question 5

mind

Answer 5

-the contents of conscious experience, including sensation, perceptions, thoughts, and emotions

Question 6

nature vs nurture

Answer 6

the question of how much a persons characteristics are formed by either nature or nurture

Question 7

nature

Answer 7

-genes and biology
-some psychologists believe we are born with some knowledge

Question 8

nurture

Answer 8

-environment
-knowledge we have from direct experience

Question 9

environment

Answer 9

-peers, education, social media

Question 10

Wilhelm Wundt

Answer 10

-1st psychologist
-father of modern psych
-advocate for using scientific techniques

Question 11

Wilhelm Wundt studied…

Answer 11

-immediate conscious experience

Question 12

structuralism is defined as…

Answer 12

-structure of the mind by breaking it down into parts to simplify

Question 13

structuralism was founded by…

Answer 13

Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener

Question 14

functionalism

Answer 14

-interested in the purpose of a process rather that its components
-influenced by Darwin

Question 15

Behavioralism

Answer 15

-reaction to introspection and the “unknowable” mind
-focuses only on observable behavior

Question 16

introspection

Answer 16

-the examination or observation of ones own mental and emotional processes

Question 17

the cognitive revolution

Answer 17

-focuses on mental states and internal processes
-influenced by computers

Question 18

Sigmund Freud

Answer 18

-neurologist
-focused on psychoanalysis
-1st major movement in clinical psychology
-used cocaine to study himself
-“Freud= unconscious”
-talking thought problems

Question 19

psychoanalysis

Answer 19

-focuses on the influence of the unconscious mind
-used to help patients solve psychological problems through insight

Question 20

humanism and positive psychology

Answer 20

-opposite of Freuds pessimistic view of human nature
-focused on human condition and capacity for change
-focus on what’s good about people
-self help

Question 21

there are __ steps in the scientific method

Answer 21

5

Question 22

the steps of the scientific method

Answer 22

-observation
-forming a question
-forming a hypothesis
-testing a a hypothesis
-replicating

Question 23

observe behavior without manipulation

Answer 23

-most representing of real world behavior
-no control of behavior
-difficult to determine exact cause of behavior

Question 24

joining the group to learn

Answer 24

-interacting with the population of interest
-allows for insight from a participants perspective
-may not be repeatable

Question 25

case study

Answer 25

-in depth about one person, group, or situation -collect a lot of detail -not an experiment

Question 26

Case study ex. Phineas Gage

Answer 26

-railroad worker accident -personality change due to part of brain being destroyed

Question 27

Case study ex. Henry Molison

Answer 27

-seizures so surgeon removed his hippocampus -no seizures but could not retain long term memories

Question 28

surveys

Answer 28

-participants answer standard questions -easy to administer -lots of information -bias

Question 29

ethics in psychology principles

Answer 29

-set of principles of how people should be treated, educated, and respected while in a study

Question 30

general ethical principles

Answer 30

-beneficence and nonmaleficence (doing good without harm) -fidelity and responsibility (honest and responsible for maintaining ethics) -integrity -justice -respect

Question 31

special ethical conditions (consent)

Answer 31

-participants that are not able to legally give informed consent such as children

Question 32

2 forms of consent for participation

Answer 32

-consent from parent or guardian -consent from potential participant

Question 33

special ethical conditions (study)

Answer 33

-informed consent may affect participants natural behavior/ reactions -some studies may not reveal the true nature of study until after participation is complete (called deception)

Question 34

2 variables connected are referred to as ___

Answer 34

correlated

Question 35

correlation is...

Answer 35

the direction and strength of a relationship between 2 variables

Question 36

correlation does not mean ___

Answer 36

causation -does not mean one affects the other

Question 37

we test theories through...

Answer 37

controlled experiments

Question 38

hypothesis

Answer 38

an educated guess about the outcome of an experiment

Question 39

a hypothesis must be...

Answer 39

-consistent with prior observation -simple and specific -measurable -falsifiable

Question 40

independent variable

Answer 40

-what the experimenter changes

Question 41

dependent variable

Answer 41

-what the participant does

Question 42

extraneous variable

Answer 42

-uncontrolled events

Question 43

experimental group

Answer 43

-conducting experiments on -exposed to independent variable -measure the effect of the independent variable

Question 44

dependent group

Answer 44

-not conducting experiment on -not influenced by independent variable

Question 45

control group

Answer 45

used to compare experiment results with behavior affected only by naturally occurring conditions

Question 46

placebo

Answer 46

-"fake" independent variable

Question 47

ex of observing behavior: naturalistic observation

Answer 47

-observing behavior in the real world usually in a group -limits: bias, cant control experiment, can be unethical

Question 48

a case study cannot be __

Answer 48

replicated

Question 49

a survey can be biased because people can be...

Answer 49

nervous and uncomfortable and withhold information

Question 50

neurons

Answer 50

cells specialized for communication

Question 51

dendrites (neuron)

Answer 51

-receive messages and initiate electrical activity -arms that extend off of the nucleus end of the neuron

Question 52

axons (neuron)

Answer 52

-conduct electrical activity and release chemical neurotransmitters -looks like beads on the middle of the neuron

Question 53

myelin sheath (neuron)

Answer 53

-speeds up electrical activity

Question 54

signal travels in this direction (neuron)

Answer 54

1. dendrite 2. soma 3.nucleus 4.axon 5.axon terminal

Question 55

soma (neuron)

Answer 55

the arm that connects to dendrites to the nucleus

Question 56

nucleus

Answer 56

-decision making part of the cell

Question 57

axon terminal (neuron)

Answer 57

-other end of the neuron opposite to the nucleus end -the arms that have beads at the end

Question 58

myelin sheath (neuron)

Answer 58

-protects axon so signals don't affect each other

Question 59

Schwann cell

Answer 59

-cell in the axon

Question 60

some neurons have no myelin sheath because...

Answer 60

-a slow process is preferred -such as fear

Question 61

terminal buttons (neuron)

Answer 61

-end of the axon terminal

Question 62

vesicles (neuron)

Answer 62

-blue bubbles containing neurotransmitters

Question 63

synapse (neuron)

Answer 63

-fluid filled space between neurons -also known as the synaptic cleft

Question 64

neurons at rest have a ___ internal charge

Answer 64

-negative

Question 65

when channels in the cell membrane open... (neuron)

Answer 65

ions rush in or out

Question 66

3 main specific ions (neuron)

Answer 66

-sodium (Na+) -chlorine (Cl-) -potassium (K+)

Question 67

the fluid outside the neuron has a __ charge and the cytoplasm of a neuron has a ___ charge

Answer 67

-positive -negative

Question 68

excitatory neurotransmitters

Answer 68

-increases probability of neuron becoming active

Question 69

inhibitory neurotransmitters

Answer 69

-decreases probability of neuron becoming active

Question 70

the nervous system has __ major divisions which are ___

Answer 70

-2 -central and peripheral

Question 71

the nervous system

Answer 71

-nerves facilitate communication with the body and also control the body -both in the efferent and afferent direction -command center

Question 72

efferent

Answer 72

away

Question 73

afferent

Answer 73

towards

Question 74

central nervous system

Answer 74

-brain and spine -reflexes

Question 75

brain

Answer 75

-each lobs has a specific set of functions -receives input from the body -old brain vs new brain (new is more complex with more functions)

Question 76

frontal lobe

Answer 76

-making decisions and movement

Question 77

motor cortex

Answer 77

-performing voluntary movement

Question 78

-prefrontal cortex

Answer 78

-deciding when, why, and how to complete actions

Question 79

parietal lobe

Answer 79

-processing numbers and performing calculations

Question 80

corpus callosum

Answer 80

-connects 2 hemispheres of brain and shares information

Question 81

occipital lobe

Answer 81

-visual processing

Question 82

somatosensory and motor complex

Answer 82

-touch and movement -plasticity

Question 83

plasticity

Answer 83

-brain adapts to change -a lot more when young -why we can learn language easier when young

Question 84

regions of the temporal lobe

Answer 84

-formation of new memories -neurons in these lobes process hearing and smell

Question 85

the limbic system

Answer 85

-stores emotional memories -houses the amygdala which is responsible for fear response -in the center of brain (looks like a bean)

Question 86

amygdala

Answer 86

-apart of limbic system -responsible for fear

Question 87

hippocampus (LS)

Answer 87

-looks like a seahorse -translates memories that come into long term memory

Question 88

hypothalamic (LS)

Answer 88

-also involved in emotion -the 4 F's

Question 89

Thalamus (LS)

Answer 89

-responsible for routing sensory info to parts of the brain -houses the occipital cortex

Question 90

the limbic system also has these 3 sections

Answer 90

-hippocampus -hypothalamic -thalamus

Question 91

endocrine system

Answer 91

-works through bloodstream and hormones -nervous system helps control it -glands and hormones -regulates sleep, flight, fight

Question 92

research methods in biology and neuroscience

Answer 92

-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) =positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 93

learning is...

Answer 93

1.relatively permanent 2.change in behavior or mental process 3.occurs from our interactions with the environment

Question 94

examples of something that is not learned

Answer 94

-instinct and reflexes

Question 95

reflexes

Answer 95

-not qualify as learning -born with them -response from a trigger -may only be there for a short period of time

Question 96

Pavlovian or classical conditioning (learning)

Answer 96

a previously neutral stimulus elicits a response because it signals another stimulus -ex. ringing bell when dog is fed

Question 97

operant or instrumental conditioning

Answer 97

-a response becomes more or less likely to occur depending on its consequence -grounding or praising

Question 98

social or observational conditioning

Answer 98

-an observer imitates another persons behavior -younger siblings learning from older siblings

Question 99

unconditional stimulus (cat)

Answer 99

-naturally elicits response -ex.cat food

Question 100

unconditional response (cat)

Answer 100

-natural response to biologically relevant stimulus -ex. saliva

Question 101

neutral stimulus (cat)

Answer 101

-does not naturally elicit response -ex. can opener sound

Question 102

conditional stimulus (cat)

Answer 102

-elicits response due to learning ex. can opener sound

Question 103

conditional response (cat)

Answer 103

-learned response to environment stimulus -ex. saliva

Question 104

extinction

Answer 104

conditioned response is weakened or eliminated when conditional stimulus is present without unconditional stimulus

Question 105

spontaneous recovery

Answer 105

-conditional stimulus is presented again with unconditional stimulus -conditional stimulus elicits conditional stimulus

Question 106

J.B Watson and little albert

Answer 106

-generate fear to previously neutral stimuli -fear from white and fluffy stimuli

Question 107

the 4 operant contingencies

Answer 107

-positive reinforcement: social approval and money -negative reinforcement: escape and avoidance -positive punishment: social disapproval and painful stimulus -negative punishment: response cost and timeout

Question 108

positive

Answer 108

add

Question 109

negative

Answer 109

take away

Question 110

most punishments fail because...

Answer 110

-to far after the "offense" to have affect -strong -certain -provide alternative response

Question 111

shaping

Answer 111

-successive approximations -completing actions in order to get reinforcement -get to the goal in steps (each give reinforcement)

Question 112

phobias

Answer 112

irrational fear of a neutral object

Question 113

fetish

Answer 113

-pleasure from a neutral object