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Intro to Psychology > Ch.1 Reading quiz > Flashcards

Ch.1 Reading quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

psychology is the science of the _ and _

A

mind and behavior

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2
Q

objective evidence

A

evidence not influenced by an observers feeling or interpretations

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3
Q

The mind is defined as

A

the mental events the brain creates such as thinking and feeling

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4
Q

to learn about the brain we work ___

A

backwards

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5
Q

examples of outward signs people display that we can observe

A

facial expressions and size of pupils

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6
Q

behavior is defined as

A

observable acts of a person either alone or in a group

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7
Q

physical movements can be___

A

both voluntary and involuntary

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8
Q

The 3 levels on analysis

A

1) the brain
2) the person
3) the group

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9
Q

level of analysis: the brain

A

-focuses on the activity of the brain and the structure and properties of the organ itself
-ex. brain cells and their connections, hormones, and genes

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10
Q

level of analysis: the person

A

-mental events, contents, and functions
-2 groups
1) mental contents : knowledge, beliefs, and desires
2) mental processes: consists of sets of operations that work together to carry out a function: attention, perception, and memory

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11
Q

level of analysis: the group

A

-focuses on the ways groups of people share a mind and behavior
-groups affect an individuals mind and behavior
-how the entire group forms a culture

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12
Q

the physical world

A

-all our mental events and behaviors take place and are influenced by a specific physical environment

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13
Q

events at different levels are constantly ___ and trigger each other

A

interacting

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14
Q

Psychology has borrowed a lot of theories form what?

A

philosophy

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15
Q

human knowledge comes from__

A

experience of the world

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16
Q

the ways we interpret information from our senses…

A

operation of perception, memory, and problem solving

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17
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

-founder of psychology
-work let to structuralism

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18
Q

structuralism

A

-the first school of thought
-describes the rules that determine how sensations or feelings occur at the same time
-primary research tool is introspection

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19
Q

introspection

A

-looking within or mental imaging

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20
Q

functionalism

A

-addresses levels of person and group
-influenced by Charles Darwin’s idea of adaptations
-applied his ideas to mental characteristics
-Ex. paying attention can aid in survival

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21
Q

Gestalt Psychology (GP)

A

-an approach to understand mental events that focus on the idea that “the whole is more important that the parts”
-mental processes influence mental contents

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22
Q

(GP) a lot of our thoughts come from what we ___

A

perceive

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23
Q

Psychodynamic Theory (PT)

A

-Sigmund Freud is father of theory
-the mind is several different components, some components are unconscious
-relies on subjective interpretations

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24
Q

psychodynamic is defined as

A

the continual push and pull interaction among conscious and unconscious forces

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25
Q

subjective interpretations

A

-what people say and do
-impossible to test

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26
Q

Behavioralism

A

-the power of environment
-concentrates on understanding observable behavior
-focuses of how a specific stimulus evokes a specific response ( called stimulus- response associations)
-level of the person
-key is reinforcement

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27
Q

stimulus- response associations

A

-focuses of how a specific stimulus evokes a specific response

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28
Q

reinforcement

A
  • a reward or desirable consequence after responding to something in a particular way
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29
Q

humanistic psychology

A

-school of psychology
-assumes people have positive values, free will, and creativity
-all individuals have unique experiences
-client rather than patient

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30
Q

The cognitive revolution

A

-gave birth to cognitive psychology
-characterizes the nature of human information processing
-used a computer as a model for the way the mind works
-the mind is like software (store data) and the brain is the hardware (the machine itself)

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31
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

-certain cognitive strategies and goals are so important that natural selection has built them into our brain
-Darwin’s theory of natural selection

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32
Q

natural selections has given us goas and strategies such as…

A

lying and deceiving others

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33
Q

Psychology today

A

-mix of different sorts of psychology

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34
Q

clinical and counseling psychology (CP)

A

-trained to provide therapy and to administer and interpret tests
-helps patients overcome destructive behaviors and replace them with healthy ones

35
Q

psychotherapy is the process of…

A

helping people learn to change so they can cope with troublesome thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

36
Q

counseling psychologist

A

-trained to help people with issues that naturally arise during the course of life

37
Q

psychiatrist

A

has special training in mental disorders

38
Q

social workers

A

-use psychotherapy to help families or help clients to sue the social system in their communities

39
Q

psychiatric nurse

A

-provides therapy and works with medical doctors to monitor and administer medications

40
Q

academic psychology

A

-focuses on teaching and conducting research

41
Q

applied psychologists

A

-use principles, findings, and theories of psych to improve products and procedures

42
Q

social psychologist

A

teaches how people think and feel about themselves and other people and how groups function

43
Q

personality psychologist

A

researches and teaches individual differences in preferences and inclinations

44
Q

physiological psychologist

A

researches and teaches the nature of the brain and brain-body interactions

45
Q

human factors psychologist

A

-improve products

46
Q

industrial/ organizations psycholigist

A

applies psychology in the workplace

47
Q

sport psychologist

A

-improve athletic performance

48
Q

educational or school psychologist

A

applies psychology to improve cognitive, emotional, and social development of schoolchildren

49
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

-first woman to become president of the American psychological association

50
Q

the scientific method is a way to …

A

gather facts that will lead to the formulation and validation of a theory

51
Q

the scientific method (SM) has how many steps?

A

6 ( orphans quizzed hotdogs, thus twenty toppled)

52
Q

SM step 1

A

(observing events)
-begins with objectively and systematically observing events
-a lot of data gained and compared

53
Q

SM step 2

A

(question)
-finding a question to answer
-can come from many sources

54
Q

SM step 3

A

(hypothesis)
-educated guess and idea that might explain a set of observations

55
Q

variable

A

-an aspect of a situation that can vary or change and is measurable

56
Q

SM step 4

A

(testing hypothesis)
-to test a hypothesis scientists make 2 types of observations
1)directs addresses the object of study and measures how many times something happens
2)indirectly addresses the object of study as the nature of thoughts and feelings

57
Q

operational definition

A

-definition of a concept that specifies how its measured or manipulated

58
Q

SM step 5

A

(theory)
-focuses on the underlying reasons why certain relationships may exist in data

59
Q

theory

A

concepts or principles that explain a set of research

60
Q

SM step 6

A

(testing a theory)
-each time a theory makes a correct prediction the theory is supported and each time it fails the theory is weakened

61
Q

prediction is…

A

-a hypothesis that follows from a theory which is confirmed if the theory is correct

62
Q

all steps of the scientific method…

A

1)systematic observation
2)formulate a question to guide the investigation
3)hypothesis to form relationship between variables
4)test hypothesis
5)have a theory to explain relationship
6)test the theory

63
Q

naturalistic observation

A

-collect data from real world settings as they naturally occur

64
Q

case studies

A

-scientific study that focuses on a single participant and their psychological characteristic

65
Q

Surveys

A

-a set of questions that people are asked
-inexpensive way to collect a lot of data
-must be carefully worded as to not lead them a certain way

66
Q

correlation research

A

-study the relationships between variables
-ex. height and weight
-correlation number

67
Q

correlation number

A

-ranges from -1 to 1 which indicates how closely related 2 variables are
-the higher the number (- or +) the more they are related

68
Q

experimental research

A

-relies on experiments
-independent and dependent variable
-examines the link between the 2 variables

69
Q

independent variable

A

-the variable changed or varied

70
Q

dependent variable

A

-the variable unchanged and only observed
-depends on the independent

71
Q

an effect is…

A

the difference between the value of the dependent that arises from the changes in the IV

72
Q

experimental vs control group

A

-experimental: receives complete procedure
-control: same as experimental except the independent is not manipulated

73
Q

-random assignment

A

-assign participants randomly
-E or C

74
Q

-quasi experimental group

A

-similar to experimental but participants are not randomly assigned to groups
-conditions are often selected not created (real world)

75
Q

Meta analysis

A

-statistical technique that allows researchers to combine results from different studies on the same topic to discover a relationship

76
Q

sample

A

group that is drawn from a larger population and is measured or observed

77
Q

population

A

-entire set of relevant people or animals
-always have variation
-samples drawn will never be the same

78
Q

reliability

A

-means consistency

79
Q

validity

A

-valid of it is what it claims to be

80
Q

Bias

A

-when conscious or unconscious beliefs, expectations, or habits alter how participants respond or how a researcher sets up the study
-influences outcomes

81
Q

response bais

A

-tendency to respond in a particular way regardless of their actual knowledge or beliefs

82
Q

sampling bias

A

-occurs when participants are not chosen at random but instead are chosen so that an attribute is either overrepresented or underrepresented

83
Q

experimenter expectancy effects

A

-occurs when and experimenters expectations lead them to treat participants in a way which encourages them to produce a result
-ex. Hans the horse

Intro to Psychology (4 decks)

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