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Biomaterials > Exam 2 (Ch. 10-12) > Flashcards

Exam 2 (Ch. 10-12) Flashcards

1
Q

_________ immunity is the first line of defense. if this does not clear the invading organism, the ______________ immune response is engaged

A

innate (nonspecific), acquired (specific)

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2
Q

four types of leukocytes

A

granulocytes and monocytes (phagocytose invaders), lymphocytes (T and B cells), and megakaryocytes (produces platelets)

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3
Q

four components of innate immunity

A

anatomical barriers, physiological barriers, phagocytes, inflammation

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4
Q

four signs of infection

A

redness, swelling, heating, pain

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5
Q

____ inflammation is the immediate response to injury

A

acute

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6
Q

_____ inflammation persists over weeks to months

A

chronic

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7
Q

after injury, nearby blood vessels will…

A

vasodilate (expand)

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8
Q

the movement of neutrophils out of the blood vessels and into the tissue is called…

A

extravasation

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9
Q

___________ are substances that cause migration of cells towards damaged tissue

A

chemoattractants (can activate neutrophils)

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10
Q

neutrophils read ______ on foreign invaders and know to activate kill mechanisms

A

pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

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11
Q

neutrophils secrete _______ to recruit more neutrophils to their location

A

cytokines

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12
Q

_________ phagocytosis occurs when the nondegradable material is too big for the cell to eat

A

frustrated

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13
Q

vascular buds sprouting from existing blood vessels is called…

A

neovascularization or angiogenesis

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14
Q

__________ synthesize and maintain connective tissues. _____________ specifically are responsible for wound contraction, which speeds up healing

A

fibroblasts, myofibroblasts

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15
Q

the final stage of healing is…

A

fibrous encapsulation

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16
Q

chronic inflammation can sometimes lead to ___________, a layer of FBGCs surrounding a particle that is not phagocytosable

A

granulomas

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17
Q

four types of resolution

A

extrusion, resorption, integration, encapsulation

18
Q

tissue repair is characterized by…

A

the defect being replaced with scar tissue

19
Q

tissue regeneration is characterized by…

A

the defect is replaced with tissue identical to the original tissue (reepithelialization - possible only if the injury affects just the epidermal layer)

20
Q

four levels of toxicity

A

acute (24 hrs), subacute (14-28 days), subchronic (90 days), chronic (beyond that)

21
Q

factors that affect the “dose” of a material

A

weight, surface area, topography

22
Q

four characteristics of acquired immune response

A

specificity, diversity, self/nonself recognition, immunologic memory

23
Q

two types of acquired immunity

A

humoral (based on antibodies made by B cells) and cellular (uses T cells to detect altered self cells like cancer or viruses)

24
Q

3 types of lymphocytes

A

T, B, and NK cells

25
Q

acquired immune response is triggered by

A

binding of an antigen to an antibody or T cell receptor

26
Q

an _________ is the site on the antigen that the antibody recognizes

A

epitope

27
Q

a ________ is a small substance that combines with a larger molecule to produce a greater immune response

A

hapten

28
Q

an __________ nonspecifically enhances the immune response to antigens

A

adjuvant

29
Q

antigens are often displayed together with a ___________ molecule

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

30
Q

B cells are formed in the … and mature in the ….

A

bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen

31
Q

T cells are formed in the … and mature in the …

A

bone marrow, thymus

32
Q

antibodies aid in pathogen removal in four ways

A

agglutination, precipitation, neutralization, lysis

33
Q

AIDS destroys ____ cells

A

T-helper

34
Q

two means of the complement system

A

classical and alternative (most common for biomaterials) pathway

35
Q

C5 convertase acts on C5 to produce

A

C5a (chemotactic agent for neutrophils) and C5b (initiates formation of the MAC)

36
Q

classical pathway is initiated by

A

binding of IgG or IgM antibody

37
Q

alternative pathway is initiated by

A

C3

38
Q

_____ proteins mask binding sites to regulate the classical pathway

A

regulator of complement activation (RCA)

39
Q

______ binds to C3 convertase to regulate the complement system

A

decay-accelerating factor (DAF)

40
Q

if a material has been coated in a way that makes it more easily phagocytosed, it has been…

A

opsonized

Biomaterials (6 decks)

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