Exam 2 (Ch. 10-12) Flashcards
_________ immunity is the first line of defense. if this does not clear the invading organism, the ______________ immune response is engaged
innate (nonspecific), acquired (specific)
four types of leukocytes
granulocytes and monocytes (phagocytose invaders), lymphocytes (T and B cells), and megakaryocytes (produces platelets)
four components of innate immunity
anatomical barriers, physiological barriers, phagocytes, inflammation
four signs of infection
redness, swelling, heating, pain
____ inflammation is the immediate response to injury
acute
_____ inflammation persists over weeks to months
chronic
after injury, nearby blood vessels will…
vasodilate (expand)
the movement of neutrophils out of the blood vessels and into the tissue is called…
extravasation
___________ are substances that cause migration of cells towards damaged tissue
chemoattractants (can activate neutrophils)
neutrophils read ______ on foreign invaders and know to activate kill mechanisms
pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)
neutrophils secrete _______ to recruit more neutrophils to their location
cytokines
_________ phagocytosis occurs when the nondegradable material is too big for the cell to eat
frustrated
vascular buds sprouting from existing blood vessels is called…
neovascularization or angiogenesis
__________ synthesize and maintain connective tissues. _____________ specifically are responsible for wound contraction, which speeds up healing
fibroblasts, myofibroblasts
the final stage of healing is…
fibrous encapsulation
chronic inflammation can sometimes lead to ___________, a layer of FBGCs surrounding a particle that is not phagocytosable
granulomas
four types of resolution
extrusion, resorption, integration, encapsulation
tissue repair is characterized by…
the defect being replaced with scar tissue
tissue regeneration is characterized by…
the defect is replaced with tissue identical to the original tissue (reepithelialization - possible only if the injury affects just the epidermal layer)
four levels of toxicity
acute (24 hrs), subacute (14-28 days), subchronic (90 days), chronic (beyond that)
factors that affect the “dose” of a material
weight, surface area, topography
four characteristics of acquired immune response
specificity, diversity, self/nonself recognition, immunologic memory
two types of acquired immunity
humoral (based on antibodies made by B cells) and cellular (uses T cells to detect altered self cells like cancer or viruses)
3 types of lymphocytes
T, B, and NK cells
