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Biomaterials > Exam 1 (Ch. 1-2) > Flashcards

Exam 1 (Ch. 1-2) Flashcards

1
Q

biomaterials interface with biological systems to ________, ______, ________, or ________ any tissue, organ, or body function

A

evaluate (diagnostic), treat, augment, or replace (therapeutic)

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2
Q

biocompatibility is the ability of a material to perform with an appropriate _____ ________ in a specific application

A

host response

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3
Q

two of the biggest markets in biomaterials are ________ and ___________ devices

A

cardiac (replacement valves, vascular grafts), orthopedic (hip and knee replacements)

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4
Q

common issues with vascular grafts and replacement valves are…

A

blood clotting, infection, tissue overgrowth

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5
Q

the field has transitioned from ______ biomaterials, which reduced risk for negative immune response, to __________ biomaterials, which promote localized healing

A

inert, bioactive

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6
Q

______________ usually occurs immediately after implantation, but is temporary and can be resolved as the material integrates fully

A

inflammation

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7
Q

while it is sometimes undesirable, _____________ of an implant can be good for bone support applications to ensure integration

A

calcification

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8
Q

in vitro

A

“in glass” - in a laboratory environment

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9
Q

in vivo

A

in a living system - animal or human

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10
Q

the FDA approves ___________, not ___________

A

devices, not materials

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11
Q

metals are (organic/inorganic) materials possessing (metallic/ionic/covalent) bonds which have the benefit of _______________

A

inorganic, metallic, being easy to form into complex shapes and conduct electricity, typically crystalline

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12
Q

ceramics are (organic/inorganic) materials possessing (metallic/ionic/covalent) bonds which have the benefit of _______________

A

inorganic, ionic, being very hard, more resistant to degradation, and mimicking native bone well, can be crystalline or amorphous

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13
Q

downsides of ceramics?

A

very brittle because of ionic bonding

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14
Q

polymers are (organic/inorganic) materials possessing (metallic/ionic/covalent) bonds which have the benefit of _______________

A

organic, covalent, broad range of possible properties, can be crystalline or amorphous

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15
Q

elastomers

A

type of polymer, can sustain lots of deformation at low stresses and return quickly to their original dimensions upon release of the stress (good for CV applications)

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16
Q

hydrogels

A

type of polymer, swell in water and can retain water without their structures completely dissolving (soft tissue applications)

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17
Q

____________ materials combine two or more chemically distinct components, one of which is often a polymer

A

composite

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18
Q

collagen, fibrin, and alginate are examples of __________ polymers

A

natural - these can often mimic native tissue better and become more fully integrated, but it is hard to obtain large amounts and they have weak mechanical properties

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19
Q

what is an example of a natural polymer which is derived from sugars (carbohydrates)

A

hyaluronic acid

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20
Q

benefits/drawbacks of synthetic polymers?

A

easily mass-produced, properties can be tailored, but do not interact as well with native tissue and few have been approved for use in humans

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21
Q

the ________ refers to the outermost atomic layers of an object, while the _______ refers to the rest

A

surface, bulk

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22
Q

hydrophobicity/philicity and roughness are examples of _______ properties

A

surface

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23
Q

strength, stiffness, crystallinity, and melting point are examples of _________

A

bulk

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24
Q

exhibiting distinctly different mechanical properties in different directions is _________

A

anisotropy (opposite of isotropy)

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25
Q

________________ can be both a surface and bulk property

A

hydrophobicity/philicity

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26
Q

_____________ measures how compounds absorb different types of energy and their resulting excitation

A

spectroscopy

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27
Q

_____________ physically separates molecules by charge or size

A

chromatography

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28
Q

_______ bonds occur between atoms with large differences in electronegativity

A

ionic, most commonly found in ceramics (hard and brittle)

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29
Q

__________ bonds share electrons

A

covalent, most commonly found in polymers

30
Q

_________ bonds are formed in materials that contain electropositive elements, creating a sea of mobile electrons surrounding a core of cations

A

metallic (nondirectional electron sharing), this is why they are highly conductive of electricity

31
Q

while good for small applications in the body, polylactic acid is problematic for large fixation devices why?

A

too much lactic acid (degradation product) builds up, pH decreases, bones dissolve

32
Q

higher surface area/volume ratio has what effect on degradation rate?

A

increases degradation rate

33
Q

despite having a smaller SA/V ratio, why might a larger sample degrade faster?

A

degradation byproducts have to travel throughout the material, accelerating degradation as a catalyst

34
Q

the _____-_____________ model is the most realistic depiction of electron behavior

A

wave-mechanical

35
Q

the ______ ______ is a small section of a crystal which is repeated again and again

A

unit cell

36
Q

what is a common crystal structure for metals?

A

face-centered or body-centered cubic

37
Q

a ________ ________ is a unique combination of lattice parameters

A

crystal system (ex: cubic, tetragonal)

38
Q

with Miller indices, points are written as

A

x, y, z

39
Q

with Miller indices, planes are written as

A

(x y z)

40
Q

vacancies (missing atoms) and self-interstitials (extra, crowding atom) are examples of what kind of defect

A

point defects

41
Q

why is the creation of defects favorable?

A

they increase entropy (muahaha)

42
Q

point defects cause what kind of strain?

A

lattice strain

43
Q

in an ___________ solution, the solute atoms fill space between the solvent atoms

A

interstitial

44
Q

in a ____________ solution, the solute atoms take the place of the solvent atoms

A

substitutional

45
Q

concentrations of species in an alloy can be described with ________ or ________ percent compositions

A

weight or atom

46
Q

in _____________, atoms exchange positions, while in ______________, atoms of another type diffuse into a metal

A

self-diffusion, inter-diffusion

47
Q

__________ diffusion occurs when an atom jumps to an adjacent vacancy

A

vacancy

48
Q

between vacancy and interstitial diffusion, which occurs faster and why?

A

interstitial because the diffusing species is small and better able to move compared to the original species

49
Q

though carbon-based materials like graphite do not neatly fall into the main three categories, where are they sometimes placed?

A

ceramics

50
Q

describe Schottky defects

A

seen in ceramics, double vacancy (one positive and one negative)

51
Q

describe Frenkel defects

A

seen in ceramics, vacancy/interstitial pair (one leaves, another comes)

52
Q

polymers are also called ______________ because of their size

A

macromolecules

53
Q

monomers < ____________ < polymers

A

oligomers

54
Q

polydispersity index is the ratio of what to what

A

weight-average molecular weight to number-average molecular weight

55
Q

the (conformation/configuration) is the part of a structure that can be changed by bond rotation

A

conformation

56
Q

the (conformation/configuration) is the part of a structure that cannot be changed except by breaking and reforming primary bonds

A

configuration (fig = fixed)

57
Q

three types of configurations

A

isotactic (R groups on same side), syndiotactic (R groups alternate), and atactic (R groups random)

58
Q

polymers may be _________ (end-to-end repeat units) or _________ (chains coming off the main chain)

A

linear or branched

59
Q

__________ polymers are joined at certain points via covalent bonds, forming a 3D network

A

cross-linked

60
Q

three types of polymerization

A

addition, condensation, and genetic engineering

61
Q

________ polymerization results in a product which has the same chemical structure as the mer unit, and a variety of chain lengths (PI > 1)

A

addition

62
Q

_________ polymerization results in a product which has a different chemical structure than the mer unit, and occurs through elimination of one molecule (typically water)

A

condensation

63
Q

__________________ polymerization allows for greater control over polymer architecture and weight distributions

A

genetic engineering

64
Q

_____ polymerization requires a monomer and a monomer-soluble initiator, and has issues with heat dissipation (like bone cement)

A

bulk

65
Q

________ polymerization addresses the heat dissipation problem by putting the monomer and initiator (both soluble) in a solvent

A

solution

66
Q

_________ polymerization addresses the heat dissipation problem by putting the monomer and initiators (not soluble in water) in water, leading to formation of droplets which act as small reactors

A

suspension

67
Q

_________ polymerization uses a hydrophobic monomer, a water soluble initiator, and surfactant

A

emulsion

68
Q

a large amount of branching (increases/decreases) crystallinity of a polymer

A

decreases, it is more difficult to form ordered structures

69
Q

what type of chromatography is often used for metals and ceramics?

A

X-ray diffraction (they’re highly crystalline)

70
Q

what type of spectroscopy induces changes in nuclei rather than in electrons by holding frequency constant and changing the strength of a magnetic field?

A

nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) - shows peaks for various parts of the molecule - remember orgo?

71
Q

mass spectrometry (primarily used with polymers) separates particles by mass by…

A

bombarding the sample with electrons and then forcing them through a magnetic field, which deflects them

72
Q

________________ chromatography filters by size with a mobile and stationary phase to determine a polymer’s molecular weight

A

size-exclusion

Biomaterials (6 decks)

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