Exam 2 all drugs Flashcards
Mechlorethamine
Alkylating Agent. Cross links between guanine bases in DNA Causes strand breakage and the occasional miscoding mutations. Very unstable blistering agent. Via IV. almost no drug is excreted. Severe nausea and vomiting Severe bone marrow depression Latent viral infections due to immunosuppression Patient will be very susceptible to infection. Must use caution.
Pyridostigmine
Intermediate Indirect acting, inhibits AChE. common long–term myasthenia gravis treatment.
Cefotaxime
3rd Gen Cephalosporins. GOOD CSF penetration. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.
Metoprolol
Beta–1 selective antagonists. Increased survival after MI
Doxorubicin
Antibiotics – induces cytotoxicity and free radicals. must be given IV. Red urine and dark red veins because of extravasation.
Methotrexate
Antimetabolite – Prevents folic acid conversion to THF leading to decreased DNA/ protein materials. Thymidine depletion is most prominent. Low doses Tx inflammatory diseases (Rheumatoid arthritis, crohn disease). via oral, IM, IV. intrathecal for CNS. Avoid in pregnancy. can lead to crystalluria
Cevimeline
Direct acting, agonist for ACh. Used in Sjogren’s syndrome (for salivation)
Tetrahydrozoline
(aka visine) Alpha–1 agonists. It sucks! Leads to rebound redness due to receptor desensitization Local constriction reduces red eye
Bicalutamide
Steroid Hormones and Antagonists ….. Nonsteroidal antigen. Tx prostate cancer. via oral administration. Kidney excretes.
Bethanechol
Direct acting, agonist for ACh. More resistant to AChE
Leuprolide
Steroid Hormones and Antagonists ….. Steroid hormone that is GnRH analog. Tx prostate and breast cancer. Fewer side effects with treatment than estrogen
Phenylephrine
Alpha–1 agonists. it’s a Mydriatic (eye dilator) and OTC decongestant. Tx for Hypotension. also found in many OTC medications for congestion (local constriction) Used often for acute hypotension caused by severe hemorrhage, decreased blood volume, shock, etc. Diagnosis of Horner’s
Ceftaroline
5th Gen Cephalosporins. gram positive. improved gram negative. is activeagainst S. aureus (including MRSA) and S. pneumoniae. elimination through Kidney.
Interferons
Recombinant DNA via bacteria, activation of macrophages and suppression of cell proliferation. Alpha– primarily leukocytic Beta– produced by CT fibroblasts Gamma– produced by T–lymphocytes
Cefprozil
2nd Gen Cephalosporins. has diminished gram positive and improved gram negative coverage. elimination through Kidney.
Lomustine
Alkylating Agents. Alkylates DNA. Tx brain tumors (crosses CNS). via oral. Kidney excretion. AE: Delayed hematopoietic depression, development of aplastic marrow, renal toxicity and pulmonary fibrosis
Goserelin
Steroid Hormones and Antagonists ….. Steroid hormone that is GnRH analog. Tx prostate and breast cancer. Fewer side effects with treatment than estrogen
Cefpodoxime
3rd Gen Cephalosporins. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.
Pralidoxime
Reactivates AChE
Bevacizumab (Avastin)
Monoclonal antibody … Anti VEGF. Tx retinal neovascular diseases. Via IV.
Prednisone
Steroid Hormones and Antagonists ….. Steroid hormone that reduces cell growth and proliferation. Tx lymphomas and induces remission. Via oral, excreted urine. Predispose patient to infection, Hyperglycemia, Cataract formation, increased IOP, Osteoporosis, Mood changes: hyper and happy
Cephalexin (Keflex)
1st Gen Cephalosporins. Tx gram positive and basic gram negative. poor oral administration. elimination through Kidney. Tx eye (lid) infections. tx pharyngitis
Oxacillin
Penicillinase–Resistant Penicillins. tx Gram (+). only for infections caused by penicillinase staph.
Salmeterol
Beta–2 agonists
Doripenem
Carbapenems. tx both gram + and –, anaerobes, and pseudomonas. Resist hydrolysis by most penicillinases. IM / IV. kidney excreted.
Cytarabine
Antimetabolite – interferes with DNA polymerase. Given IV, excreted in the Kidneys. high doses can induce chemical conjunctivitis.
Scopolamine
Muscarinic blocker. Good for seasickness but can cause drowsiness and amnesia. used for pre–anesthesia.
Tadalafil
(Cialis) Type 5 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
Cefditoren
3rd Gen Cephalosporins. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.
Terbutaline
Beta–2 agonists. Tx long–term asthma
Tacrine
Intermediate Indirect acting, inhibits AChE. Treatment for Alzheimer’s (not as often as other options because of side effects)
Imipenem–cilastatin
Carbapenems. tx both gram + and –, anaerobes, and pseudomonas. Resist hydrolysis by most penicillinases. IM / IV. kidney excreted.
Varenicline (Chantix)
Direct acting, agonist for ACh
Dobutamine
Beta–1 agonist
Ceftizoxime
3rd Gen Cephalosporins. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.
Formoterol
Beta–2 agonists
Prazosin
Alpha–1 antagonists. Relaxes vascular smooth muscle as well as smooth muscle in the prostate
Brimonidine
(Alphagan–P) Alpha–2 agonists. Tx of glaucoma
Amoxicillin
Aminopenicillins. tx Gram (+). limited gram (–) coverage Considered extended spectrum. via only oral. Almost completely absorbed. COMBINE WITH CLAVULANIC ACID FOR AWESOMENESS
Neostigmine
Intermediate Indirect acting, inhibits AChE. Reverses neuromuscular blockade produced during anesthesia. Used in myasthenia Gravis
Carvedilol
Non–selective beta antagonists with partial alpha–1 antagonist activity
Cefdinir
3rd Gen Cephalosporins. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.
Vardenafil
(Levitra) Type 5 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
Dicyclomine
Muscarinic blocker
Dactinomycin
Antibiotics – interfere with DNA between GC pair and interferes with RNA polymerase. sometimes combined with methotrexate. via IV. liver excretion. SENSITIZES PATIENT TO RADIATION. Bone marrow depression, Immunosuppression, Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomatitis, alopecia,
Daptomycin
Other” antibiotic. induces rapid depolarization of cell membrane. tx gram positive, skin infections. Inactivated by pulmonary surfactants
Labetalol
Non–selective beta antagonists with partial alpha–1 antagonist activity. Can be used in hypertensive emergency
Alprenolol
Beta–1 selective antagonists
Tamoxifen
Steroid Hormones and Antagonists.. Estrogen antagonist. First line treatment for breast cancer (and prophylactic). often given with leuprolide. Hot flashes, nausea, vomiting, skin rash; Potential to cause endometrial cancer; Crystalline retinopathy and other vision probs
Nicotine
Direct acting, agonist for ACh. Can be absorbed through the skin.
Metaproterenol
Beta–2 agonists. Tx Asthma
Carteolol
Non–selective beta antagonists with partial agonist effect
Esmolol
Beta–1 selective antagonists. Very short acting (Eskimos are short)
Nilutamide
Steroid Hormones and Antagonists ….. Nonsteroidal antigen. Tx prostate cancer. via oral administration. Kidney excretes. NILUTAMIDE CAN CAUSE VISUAL PROBLEMS
Paclitaxel
Microtubule Inhibitors – binds to tubulin and makes too stable. via IV. P450 metabolism Biliary excretion. Neutropenia, peripheral neuropathy. Docetaxel is more potent than paclitaxel.
Cefaclor
2nd Gen Cephalosporins. has diminished gram positive and improved gram negativecoverage. elimination through Kidney.
Doxazosin
Alpha–1 antagonists. Relaxes vascular smooth muscle as well as smooth muscle in the prostate. Doxazosin has longer half–life
Retuximab
Monoclonal antibody … Induce cell–mediated cytotoxicity. Tx Lymphomas and Leukemias. Via IV. Severe rxns have been fatal, must be infused slowly. Hypotension, bronchospasm and angioedema. Chills and fever after first infusion. Cardiac arrhythmia. You don’t see nausea vomitinghair falling out
Malathion
Long indirect actin, inhibits AChE
Docetaxel
Microtubule Inhibitors – binds to tubulin and makes too stable. via IV. P450 metabolism Biliary excretion. Neutropenia, peripheral neuropathy Docetaxel contraindicated in cardiac disease (can cause fluid retention) and is more potent than paclitaxel
Penicillin V
Natural Penicillins. tx Gram (+).CAN be taken orally. Susceptible to inactivation by B–lactamases
Timolol (Timoptic)
Non–selective beta antagonists. Very effective when used topically to the eye, but do not prescribe for an asthmatic patientIncreased survival after heart attack
Yohimbine
Alpha–2 antagonist. Used to treat ED Still found in many OTCs/”nutritional supplements”
Ipratropium (Atrovent)
Muscarinic blocker. Tx COPD and Asthma
Phenoxybenzamine
Non–selective alpha antagonists. IRREVERSIBLE. Greater affinity for alpha 1 over alpha 2. Used for pre–op treatment in cases of pheochromocytoma to control hypertension
Cefazolin
1st Gen Cephalosporins. Tx gram positive and basic gram negative. poor oral administration. elimination through Kidney. longer duration of action (penetrates bone!)
Pindolol
Non–selective beta antagonists with partial agonist effect
Nebivolol
Beta–1 selective antagonists
Carmustine
Alkylating Agent. Alkylates DNA. Tx brain tumors (crosses CNS). via IV. Kidney excretion. AE: Delayed hematopoietic depression, development of aplastic marrow, renal toxicity and pulmonary fibrosis
Donepezil
Intermediate Indirect acting, inhibits AChE. Treatment for Alzheimer’s
Atenolol
Beta–1 selective antagonists
Pilocarpine
Direct acting, agonist for ACh. Older treatment for glaucoma. Used in Sjogren’s syndrome (for salivation)
Vinblastine
Microtubule Inhibitors–halts anaphase. IV injection. Metabolism by the P450 system. Excretion via bile and feces. hyperuricemia (buildup of uric acid in the urine) Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, alopecia. Phlebtis or cellulitis if extravasation occurs
Physostigmine
Intermediate Indirect acting, inhibits AChE
Dicloxacillin
Penicillinase–Resistant Penicillins. tx Gram (+). only for infections caused by penicillinase staph.
Midodrine
Alpha–1 agonists. Tx orthostatichypotension (it helps get blood to the heart)
Penbutolol
Non–selective beta antagonists with partial agonist effect
Ertapenem
Carbapenems. tx both gram + and –, anaerobes, and pseudomonas. Resist hydrolysis by most penicillinases. IM / IV. kidney excreted.
Cefepime
4th Gen Cephalosporins. has furtherdiminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage and FULL coverage against Pseudomonas. elimination through Kidney.
Phentolamine
Non–selective alpha antagonists. Causes cardiac stimulation via reduced peripheral resistance Used in an injection format for treatment of ED – may lead to orthostatic hypotension and fibrosis (eek!)
Sildenafil
(Viagra) Type 5 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors
Apraclonidine
Alpha–2 agonists. Tx of glaucoma
Bleomycin
Antibiotics – scission of DNA. Tx testicular cancer. Via subcutaneous, IM, or IV. Kidney excretion. can cause Pulmonary toxicity Alopecia Hypertrophic skin changes and hyperpigmentation Fever and chills
Galantamine
Intermediate Indirect acting, inhibits AChE. Treatment for Alzheimer’s
Rivastigmine
Intermediate Indirect acting, inhibits AChE. Treatment for Alzheimer’s
Atropine
Muscarinic blocker. not very selective. week long duration! has minimal CNS effects. Good for pre–anesthesia. Tx cholinergic poisoning (but doesn’t help against nicotinic effects)
Ticarcillin
Antipseudomonal Penicillins. has good gram (–) coverage (considered extended spectrum). via IV or IM.
Albuterol
Beta–2 agonists. Most commonly used asthma Rx
Cefixime
3rd Gen Cephalosporins. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.
Edrophonium (Tensilon)
Short Indirect acting, inhibits AChE. used for diagnosis of Myasthenia Gravis. also Reverses neuromuscular blockade produced during anesthesia
Piperacillin
Antipseudomonal Penicillins. tx Gram (+). has good gram (–) coverage (considered extended spectrum). via IV or IM
Cyclopentolate
Muscarinic blocker. short duration (1 day). Good for accurate refraction, dilated fundus exam, uveitis treatment
Parathion
Long indirect actin, inhibits AChE
Acetylcholine (Miochol)
Direct acting, agonist for ACh
Tiotropium (Spiriva)
Muscarinic blocker. Tx COPD and Asthma
Cisplatin
Platinum coordinating complex, forms cross–links in guanine. IV administration. Little penetration to CSF Renal excretion. Severevomiting, Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity
Oxaliplatin
Platinum coordinating complex, IV administration. Little penetration to CSF. Renal excretion. forms cross–links in guanine. Mild nausea, myelosuppression
Terazosin
Alpha–1 antagonists
Acebutolol
Non–selective beta antagonists with partial agonist effect
Ampicillin
Aminopenicillins. tx Gram (+). limited gram (–) coverage Considered extended spectrum. via only oral.
Norepinephrine
non–selective Alpha/beta agonist. Little effect on Beta 2 receptors Used often for acute hypotension caused by severe hemorrhage, decreased blood volume, shock, etc.
6–thioguanine
Antimetabolite – Inhibits the first step of purine–ring biosynthesis and blocks formation of AMP. Genetic counseling is recommended because some patients accumulate higher toxic metabolites. Don’t use for maintenance therapy
Sarin
Long indirect actin, inhibits AChE
Propranolol
Non–selective beta antagonists. Increased survival after heart attack
Homatropine
Muscarinic blocker. Second longest effect (1–3 days). Good for accurate refraction, uveitis treatment
Tropicamide
Muscarinic blocker. shortest duration (6 hours). Good for dilated fundus exam, uveitis treatment
Clonidine
Alpha–2 agonists. Tx high blood pressure.
Anastrozole
Nonsteroidal Aromatase inhibitors: decrease the production of estrogen. More potent selective. Do not need hydrocortisone supplement. does not predispose to endometrial cancer.
6–mercaptopurine
Antimetabolite– Inhibits the first step of purine–ring biosynthesis. Given orally in spite of lower bioavailability. Bone marrow depression Anorexia, nausea, can cause JAUNDICE
Cefoxitin
2nd Gen Cephalosporins. has diminished gram positive and improved gram negative coverage. elimination through Kidney.
Clavulanic acid + amoxicillin (Augmentin)
β–lactamase Inhibitor + Antibiotic Combos. bindand inactivate penicillinases allowing combined drugs to work. Used in to treat many eye infections.
Cefuroxime
2nd Gen Cephalosporins. has diminished gram positive and improved gram negative coverage. elimination through Kidney. can cross BBB. Tx bronchitis / pneumonia in the elderly/immunocompromised
Methicillin
Penicillinase–Resistant Penicillins. tx Gram (+).
Carbachol
Direct acting, agonist for ACh. more resistant to AChE. Older treatment for glaucoma
Dacarbazine
Alkylating Agents. Attacks nucleophilic groups in DNA. Tx melanoma. via IV. Nausea and vomiting, myelosuppression, hepatotoxicity
Nafcillin
Penicillinase–Resistant Penicillins. tx Gram (+). only for infections caused by penicillinase staph. High toxicity, causes interstitial nephritis Used only to identify MRSA.
Telavancin
Other” antibiotic. inhibits cell wall. tx gram positive. (also MRSA). Tx skin infections. Taste disturbances, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, foamy urine, NOT to be used during pregnancy Caution in cardiac conditions”
Meropenem
Carbapenems. tx both gram + and –, anaerobes, and pseudomonas. Resist hydrolysis by most penicillinases. IM / IV. kidney excreted.
Aztreonam
Monobactams. only for gram negative! tx pseudomonas. it’s a ring not fused to another ring. No cross reactivity with penicillin!
Betaxolol
Beta–1 selective antagonists. Also used as a glc tx
Letrozole
Nonsteroidal Aromatase inhibitors: decrease the production of estrogen. More potent selective. Do not need hydrocortisone supplement. does not predispose to endometrial cancer.
Ceftriaxone
3rd Gen Cephalosporins. Tx gonorrhea. BILE excretion
further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal).
Exemestane
Steroidal inhibitor of aromatase. Tx Breast cancer. Via oral.
Carboplatin
Platinum coordinating complex, IV admistration. Little penetration to CSF. Renal excretion. forms cross–links in guanine. Mild nausea, myelosuppression
Aminoglutethimide
Nonsteroidal Aromatase inhibitor. Tx breast cancer. Also inhibits hydrocortisone synthesis, given with hydrocortisone.
5–fluorouracil
Antimetabolite – Thymidine analog that prevents DNA synthesis. Tx skin cancer. Through IV and topically. Excreted in the kidney/lungs. Can cause anorexia.
Penicillin G
Natural Penicillins. tx Gram (+).Cannot be taken orally. Susceptible to inactivation by B–lactamases
Echothiophate
Long indirect actin, inhibits AChE
Cefadroxil
1st Gen Cephalosporins. Tx gram positive and basic gram negative. poor oral administration. elimination through Kidney
Nadolol
Non–selective beta antagonists. Long duration of action
Flutamide
Steroid Hormones and Antagonists ….. Nonsteroidal antigen. Tx prostate cancer. via oral administration. Kidney excretes.
Ceftibuten
3rd Gen Cephalosporins. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.
Vincristine
Microtubule Inhibitors–halts anaphase. IV injection. Metabolism by the P450 system. Excretion via bile and feces. hyperuricemia (buildup of uric acid in the urine) Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, alopecia. Phlebtis or cellulitis if extravasation occurs.
Ceftazidime
3rd Gen Cephalosporins. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.
Oxybutynin
Muscarinic blocker. Tx urinary urgency/bladder spasm.
Tamsulosin
(Flomax) Alpha–1 antagonists. Relaxes vascular smooth muscle as well as smooth muscle in the prostate. Tx enlarged prostate (BPH) but can cause Floppy iris syndrome in cataract surgery patients.
Vancomycin
Other” antibiotic. Inhibits cell wall synthesis. mostly topical because oral = nephrotoxicity. via slow IV. elim via kidneys. tx enterocolitis (oral). Fever, chills, phlebitis at injection site, flushing and/or shock if rapid infusion (can pretreat with anti–histamine)”
Bacitracin (common ocular)
Other” antibiotic. Gram positive. similar to vancomycin. via TOPICAL. SAFE IN PREGNANCY. causes nephrotoxicity. Tx MRSA, infection blepharitis, corneal ulcers”
Isoproterenol
Non–selective beta agonist. Tx cardiac arrest (w/ epinephrine)
