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x SCO summer 2015 Pharmacology > Exam 2 all drugs > Flashcards

Exam 2 all drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Mechlorethamine

A

Alkylating Agent. Cross links between guanine bases in DNA Causes strand breakage and the occasional miscoding mutations. Very unstable blistering agent. Via IV. almost no drug is excreted. Severe nausea and vomiting Severe bone marrow depression Latent viral infections due to immunosuppression Patient will be very susceptible to infection. Must use caution.

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2
Q

Pyridostigmine

A

Intermediate Indirect acting, inhibits AChE. common long–term myasthenia gravis treatment.

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3
Q

Cefotaxime

A

3rd Gen Cephalosporins. GOOD CSF penetration. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.

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4
Q

Metoprolol

A

Beta–1 selective antagonists. Increased survival after MI

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5
Q

Doxorubicin

A

Antibiotics – induces cytotoxicity and free radicals. must be given IV. Red urine and dark red veins because of extravasation.

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6
Q

Methotrexate

A

Antimetabolite – Prevents folic acid conversion to THF leading to decreased DNA/ protein materials. Thymidine depletion is most prominent. Low doses Tx inflammatory diseases (Rheumatoid arthritis, crohn disease). via oral, IM, IV. intrathecal for CNS. Avoid in pregnancy. can lead to crystalluria

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7
Q

Cevimeline

A

Direct acting, agonist for ACh. Used in Sjogren’s syndrome (for salivation)

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8
Q

Tetrahydrozoline

A

(aka visine) Alpha–1 agonists. It sucks! Leads to rebound redness due to receptor desensitization Local constriction reduces red eye

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9
Q

Bicalutamide

A

Steroid Hormones and Antagonists ….. Nonsteroidal antigen. Tx prostate cancer. via oral administration. Kidney excretes.

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10
Q

Bethanechol

A

Direct acting, agonist for ACh. More resistant to AChE

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11
Q

Leuprolide

A

Steroid Hormones and Antagonists ….. Steroid hormone that is GnRH analog. Tx prostate and breast cancer. Fewer side effects with treatment than estrogen

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12
Q

Phenylephrine

A

Alpha–1 agonists. it’s a Mydriatic (eye dilator) and OTC decongestant. Tx for Hypotension. also found in many OTC medications for congestion (local constriction) Used often for acute hypotension caused by severe hemorrhage, decreased blood volume, shock, etc. Diagnosis of Horner’s

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13
Q

Ceftaroline

A

5th Gen Cephalosporins. gram positive. improved gram negative. is activeagainst S. aureus (including MRSA) and S. pneumoniae. elimination through Kidney.

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14
Q

Interferons

A

Recombinant DNA via bacteria, activation of macrophages and suppression of cell proliferation. Alpha– primarily leukocytic Beta– produced by CT fibroblasts Gamma– produced by T–lymphocytes

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15
Q

Cefprozil

A

2nd Gen Cephalosporins. has diminished gram positive and improved gram negative coverage. elimination through Kidney.

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16
Q

Lomustine

A

Alkylating Agents. Alkylates DNA. Tx brain tumors (crosses CNS). via oral. Kidney excretion. AE: Delayed hematopoietic depression, development of aplastic marrow, renal toxicity and pulmonary fibrosis

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17
Q

Goserelin

A

Steroid Hormones and Antagonists ….. Steroid hormone that is GnRH analog. Tx prostate and breast cancer. Fewer side effects with treatment than estrogen

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18
Q

Cefpodoxime

A

3rd Gen Cephalosporins. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.

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19
Q

Pralidoxime

A

Reactivates AChE

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20
Q

Bevacizumab (Avastin)

A

Monoclonal antibody … Anti VEGF. Tx retinal neovascular diseases. Via IV.

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21
Q

Prednisone

A

Steroid Hormones and Antagonists ….. Steroid hormone that reduces cell growth and proliferation. Tx lymphomas and induces remission. Via oral, excreted urine. Predispose patient to infection, Hyperglycemia, Cataract formation, increased IOP, Osteoporosis, Mood changes: hyper and happy

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22
Q

Cephalexin (Keflex)

A

1st Gen Cephalosporins. Tx gram positive and basic gram negative. poor oral administration. elimination through Kidney. Tx eye (lid) infections. tx pharyngitis

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23
Q

Oxacillin

A

Penicillinase–Resistant Penicillins. tx Gram (+). only for infections caused by penicillinase staph.

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24
Q

Salmeterol

A

Beta–2 agonists

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25
Q

Doripenem

A

Carbapenems. tx both gram + and –, anaerobes, and pseudomonas. Resist hydrolysis by most penicillinases. IM / IV. kidney excreted.

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26
Q

Cytarabine

A

Antimetabolite – interferes with DNA polymerase. Given IV, excreted in the Kidneys. high doses can induce chemical conjunctivitis.

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27
Q

Scopolamine

A

Muscarinic blocker. Good for seasickness but can cause drowsiness and amnesia. used for pre–anesthesia.

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28
Q

Tadalafil

A

(Cialis) Type 5 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

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29
Q

Cefditoren

A

3rd Gen Cephalosporins. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.

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30
Q

Terbutaline

A

Beta–2 agonists. Tx long–term asthma

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31
Q

Tacrine

A

Intermediate Indirect acting, inhibits AChE. Treatment for Alzheimer’s (not as often as other options because of side effects)

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32
Q

Imipenem–cilastatin

A

Carbapenems. tx both gram + and –, anaerobes, and pseudomonas. Resist hydrolysis by most penicillinases. IM / IV. kidney excreted.

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33
Q

Varenicline (Chantix)

A

Direct acting, agonist for ACh

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34
Q

Dobutamine

A

Beta–1 agonist

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35
Q

Ceftizoxime

A

3rd Gen Cephalosporins. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.

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36
Q

Formoterol

A

Beta–2 agonists

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37
Q

Prazosin

A

Alpha–1 antagonists. Relaxes vascular smooth muscle as well as smooth muscle in the prostate

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38
Q

Brimonidine

A

(Alphagan–P) Alpha–2 agonists. Tx of glaucoma

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39
Q

Amoxicillin

A

Aminopenicillins. tx Gram (+). limited gram (–) coverage Considered extended spectrum. via only oral. Almost completely absorbed. COMBINE WITH CLAVULANIC ACID FOR AWESOMENESS

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40
Q

Neostigmine

A

Intermediate Indirect acting, inhibits AChE. Reverses neuromuscular blockade produced during anesthesia. Used in myasthenia Gravis

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41
Q

Carvedilol

A

Non–selective beta antagonists with partial alpha–1 antagonist activity

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42
Q

Cefdinir

A

3rd Gen Cephalosporins. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.

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43
Q

Vardenafil

A

(Levitra) Type 5 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

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44
Q

Dicyclomine

A

Muscarinic blocker

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45
Q

Dactinomycin

A

Antibiotics – interfere with DNA between GC pair and interferes with RNA polymerase. sometimes combined with methotrexate. via IV. liver excretion. SENSITIZES PATIENT TO RADIATION. Bone marrow depression, Immunosuppression, Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, stomatitis, alopecia,

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46
Q

Daptomycin

A

Other” antibiotic. induces rapid depolarization of cell membrane. tx gram positive, skin infections. Inactivated by pulmonary surfactants

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47
Q

Labetalol

A

Non–selective beta antagonists with partial alpha–1 antagonist activity. Can be used in hypertensive emergency

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48
Q

Alprenolol

A

Beta–1 selective antagonists

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49
Q

Tamoxifen

A

Steroid Hormones and Antagonists.. Estrogen antagonist. First line treatment for breast cancer (and prophylactic). often given with leuprolide. Hot flashes, nausea, vomiting, skin rash; Potential to cause endometrial cancer; Crystalline retinopathy and other vision probs

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50
Q

Nicotine

A

Direct acting, agonist for ACh. Can be absorbed through the skin.

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51
Q

Metaproterenol

A

Beta–2 agonists. Tx Asthma

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52
Q

Carteolol

A

Non–selective beta antagonists with partial agonist effect

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53
Q

Esmolol

A

Beta–1 selective antagonists. Very short acting (Eskimos are short)

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54
Q

Nilutamide

A

Steroid Hormones and Antagonists ….. Nonsteroidal antigen. Tx prostate cancer. via oral administration. Kidney excretes. NILUTAMIDE CAN CAUSE VISUAL PROBLEMS

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55
Q

Paclitaxel

A

Microtubule Inhibitors – binds to tubulin and makes too stable. via IV. P450 metabolism Biliary excretion. Neutropenia, peripheral neuropathy. Docetaxel is more potent than paclitaxel.

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56
Q

Cefaclor

A

2nd Gen Cephalosporins. has diminished gram positive and improved gram negativecoverage. elimination through Kidney.

57
Q

Doxazosin

A

Alpha–1 antagonists. Relaxes vascular smooth muscle as well as smooth muscle in the prostate. Doxazosin has longer half–life

58
Q

Retuximab

A

Monoclonal antibody … Induce cell–mediated cytotoxicity. Tx Lymphomas and Leukemias. Via IV. Severe rxns have been fatal, must be infused slowly. Hypotension, bronchospasm and angioedema. Chills and fever after first infusion. Cardiac arrhythmia. You don’t see nausea vomitinghair falling out

59
Q

Malathion

A

Long indirect actin, inhibits AChE

60
Q

Docetaxel

A

Microtubule Inhibitors – binds to tubulin and makes too stable. via IV. P450 metabolism Biliary excretion. Neutropenia, peripheral neuropathy Docetaxel contraindicated in cardiac disease (can cause fluid retention) and is more potent than paclitaxel

61
Q

Penicillin V

A

Natural Penicillins. tx Gram (+).CAN be taken orally. Susceptible to inactivation by B–lactamases

62
Q

Timolol (Timoptic)

A

Non–selective beta antagonists. Very effective when used topically to the eye, but do not prescribe for an asthmatic patientIncreased survival after heart attack

63
Q

Yohimbine

A

Alpha–2 antagonist. Used to treat ED Still found in many OTCs/”nutritional supplements”

64
Q

Ipratropium (Atrovent)

A

Muscarinic blocker. Tx COPD and Asthma

65
Q

Phenoxybenzamine

A

Non–selective alpha antagonists. IRREVERSIBLE. Greater affinity for alpha 1 over alpha 2. Used for pre–op treatment in cases of pheochromocytoma to control hypertension

66
Q

Cefazolin

A

1st Gen Cephalosporins. Tx gram positive and basic gram negative. poor oral administration. elimination through Kidney. longer duration of action (penetrates bone!)

67
Q

Pindolol

A

Non–selective beta antagonists with partial agonist effect

68
Q

Nebivolol

A

Beta–1 selective antagonists

69
Q

Carmustine

A

Alkylating Agent. Alkylates DNA. Tx brain tumors (crosses CNS). via IV. Kidney excretion. AE: Delayed hematopoietic depression, development of aplastic marrow, renal toxicity and pulmonary fibrosis

70
Q

Donepezil

A

Intermediate Indirect acting, inhibits AChE. Treatment for Alzheimer’s

71
Q

Atenolol

A

Beta–1 selective antagonists

72
Q

Pilocarpine

A

Direct acting, agonist for ACh. Older treatment for glaucoma. Used in Sjogren’s syndrome (for salivation)

73
Q

Vinblastine

A

Microtubule Inhibitors–halts anaphase. IV injection. Metabolism by the P450 system. Excretion via bile and feces. hyperuricemia (buildup of uric acid in the urine) Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, alopecia. Phlebtis or cellulitis if extravasation occurs

74
Q

Physostigmine

A

Intermediate Indirect acting, inhibits AChE

75
Q

Dicloxacillin

A

Penicillinase–Resistant Penicillins. tx Gram (+). only for infections caused by penicillinase staph.

76
Q

Midodrine

A

Alpha–1 agonists. Tx orthostatichypotension (it helps get blood to the heart)

77
Q

Penbutolol

A

Non–selective beta antagonists with partial agonist effect

78
Q

Ertapenem

A

Carbapenems. tx both gram + and –, anaerobes, and pseudomonas. Resist hydrolysis by most penicillinases. IM / IV. kidney excreted.

79
Q

Cefepime

A

4th Gen Cephalosporins. has furtherdiminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage and FULL coverage against Pseudomonas. elimination through Kidney.

80
Q

Phentolamine

A

Non–selective alpha antagonists. Causes cardiac stimulation via reduced peripheral resistance Used in an injection format for treatment of ED – may lead to orthostatic hypotension and fibrosis (eek!)

81
Q

Sildenafil

A

(Viagra) Type 5 Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

82
Q

Apraclonidine

A

Alpha–2 agonists. Tx of glaucoma

83
Q

Bleomycin

A

Antibiotics – scission of DNA. Tx testicular cancer. Via subcutaneous, IM, or IV. Kidney excretion. can cause Pulmonary toxicity Alopecia Hypertrophic skin changes and hyperpigmentation Fever and chills

84
Q

Galantamine

A

Intermediate Indirect acting, inhibits AChE. Treatment for Alzheimer’s

85
Q

Rivastigmine

A

Intermediate Indirect acting, inhibits AChE. Treatment for Alzheimer’s

86
Q

Atropine

A

Muscarinic blocker. not very selective. week long duration! has minimal CNS effects. Good for pre–anesthesia. Tx cholinergic poisoning (but doesn’t help against nicotinic effects)

87
Q

Ticarcillin

A

Antipseudomonal Penicillins. has good gram (–) coverage (considered extended spectrum). via IV or IM.

88
Q

Albuterol

A

Beta–2 agonists. Most commonly used asthma Rx

89
Q

Cefixime

A

3rd Gen Cephalosporins. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.

90
Q

Edrophonium (Tensilon)

A

Short Indirect acting, inhibits AChE. used for diagnosis of Myasthenia Gravis. also Reverses neuromuscular blockade produced during anesthesia

91
Q

Piperacillin

A

Antipseudomonal Penicillins. tx Gram (+). has good gram (–) coverage (considered extended spectrum). via IV or IM

92
Q

Cyclopentolate

A

Muscarinic blocker. short duration (1 day). Good for accurate refraction, dilated fundus exam, uveitis treatment

93
Q

Parathion

A

Long indirect actin, inhibits AChE

94
Q

Acetylcholine (Miochol)

A

Direct acting, agonist for ACh

95
Q

Tiotropium (Spiriva)

A

Muscarinic blocker. Tx COPD and Asthma

96
Q

Cisplatin

A

Platinum coordinating complex, forms cross–links in guanine. IV administration. Little penetration to CSF Renal excretion. Severevomiting, Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity

97
Q

Oxaliplatin

A

Platinum coordinating complex, IV administration. Little penetration to CSF. Renal excretion. forms cross–links in guanine. Mild nausea, myelosuppression

98
Q

Terazosin

A

Alpha–1 antagonists

99
Q

Acebutolol

A

Non–selective beta antagonists with partial agonist effect

100
Q

Ampicillin

A

Aminopenicillins. tx Gram (+). limited gram (–) coverage Considered extended spectrum. via only oral.

101
Q

Norepinephrine

A

non–selective Alpha/beta agonist. Little effect on Beta 2 receptors Used often for acute hypotension caused by severe hemorrhage, decreased blood volume, shock, etc.

102
Q

6–thioguanine

A

Antimetabolite – Inhibits the first step of purine–ring biosynthesis and blocks formation of AMP. Genetic counseling is recommended because some patients accumulate higher toxic metabolites. Don’t use for maintenance therapy

103
Q

Sarin

A

Long indirect actin, inhibits AChE

104
Q

Propranolol

A

Non–selective beta antagonists. Increased survival after heart attack

105
Q

Homatropine

A

Muscarinic blocker. Second longest effect (1–3 days). Good for accurate refraction, uveitis treatment

106
Q

Tropicamide

A

Muscarinic blocker. shortest duration (6 hours). Good for dilated fundus exam, uveitis treatment

107
Q

Clonidine

A

Alpha–2 agonists. Tx high blood pressure.

108
Q

Anastrozole

A

Nonsteroidal Aromatase inhibitors: decrease the production of estrogen. More potent selective. Do not need hydrocortisone supplement. does not predispose to endometrial cancer.

109
Q

6–mercaptopurine

A

Antimetabolite– Inhibits the first step of purine–ring biosynthesis. Given orally in spite of lower bioavailability. Bone marrow depression Anorexia, nausea, can cause JAUNDICE

110
Q

Cefoxitin

A

2nd Gen Cephalosporins. has diminished gram positive and improved gram negative coverage. elimination through Kidney.

111
Q

Clavulanic acid + amoxicillin (Augmentin)

A

β–lactamase Inhibitor + Antibiotic Combos. bindand inactivate penicillinases allowing combined drugs to work. Used in to treat many eye infections.

112
Q

Cefuroxime

A

2nd Gen Cephalosporins. has diminished gram positive and improved gram negative coverage. elimination through Kidney. can cross BBB. Tx bronchitis / pneumonia in the elderly/immunocompromised

113
Q

Methicillin

A

Penicillinase–Resistant Penicillins. tx Gram (+).

114
Q

Carbachol

A

Direct acting, agonist for ACh. more resistant to AChE. Older treatment for glaucoma

115
Q

Dacarbazine

A

Alkylating Agents. Attacks nucleophilic groups in DNA. Tx melanoma. via IV. Nausea and vomiting, myelosuppression, hepatotoxicity

116
Q

Nafcillin

A

Penicillinase–Resistant Penicillins. tx Gram (+). only for infections caused by penicillinase staph. High toxicity, causes interstitial nephritis Used only to identify MRSA.

117
Q

Telavancin

A

Other” antibiotic. inhibits cell wall. tx gram positive. (also MRSA). Tx skin infections. Taste disturbances, nausea, vomiting, insomnia, foamy urine, NOT to be used during pregnancy Caution in cardiac conditions”

118
Q

Meropenem

A

Carbapenems. tx both gram + and –, anaerobes, and pseudomonas. Resist hydrolysis by most penicillinases. IM / IV. kidney excreted.

119
Q

Aztreonam

A

Monobactams. only for gram negative! tx pseudomonas. it’s a ring not fused to another ring. No cross reactivity with penicillin!

120
Q

Betaxolol

A

Beta–1 selective antagonists. Also used as a glc tx

121
Q

Letrozole

A

Nonsteroidal Aromatase inhibitors: decrease the production of estrogen. More potent selective. Do not need hydrocortisone supplement. does not predispose to endometrial cancer.

122
Q

Ceftriaxone

A

3rd Gen Cephalosporins. Tx gonorrhea. BILE excretion

further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal).

123
Q

Exemestane

A

Steroidal inhibitor of aromatase. Tx Breast cancer. Via oral.

124
Q

Carboplatin

A

Platinum coordinating complex, IV admistration. Little penetration to CSF. Renal excretion. forms cross–links in guanine. Mild nausea, myelosuppression

125
Q

Aminoglutethimide

A

Nonsteroidal Aromatase inhibitor. Tx breast cancer. Also inhibits hydrocortisone synthesis, given with hydrocortisone.

126
Q

5–fluorouracil

A

Antimetabolite – Thymidine analog that prevents DNA synthesis. Tx skin cancer. Through IV and topically. Excreted in the kidney/lungs. Can cause anorexia.

127
Q

Penicillin G

A

Natural Penicillins. tx Gram (+).Cannot be taken orally. Susceptible to inactivation by B–lactamases

128
Q

Echothiophate

A

Long indirect actin, inhibits AChE

129
Q

Cefadroxil

A

1st Gen Cephalosporins. Tx gram positive and basic gram negative. poor oral administration. elimination through Kidney

130
Q

Nadolol

A

Non–selective beta antagonists. Long duration of action

131
Q

Flutamide

A

Steroid Hormones and Antagonists ….. Nonsteroidal antigen. Tx prostate cancer. via oral administration. Kidney excretes.

132
Q

Ceftibuten

A

3rd Gen Cephalosporins. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.

133
Q

Vincristine

A

Microtubule Inhibitors–halts anaphase. IV injection. Metabolism by the P450 system. Excretion via bile and feces. hyperuricemia (buildup of uric acid in the urine) Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, alopecia. Phlebtis or cellulitis if extravasation occurs.

134
Q

Ceftazidime

A

3rd Gen Cephalosporins. further diminished gram positive coverage with improved gram negative coverage. (including some pseudomonal). elimination through Kidney.

135
Q

Oxybutynin

A

Muscarinic blocker. Tx urinary urgency/bladder spasm.

136
Q

Tamsulosin

A

(Flomax) Alpha–1 antagonists. Relaxes vascular smooth muscle as well as smooth muscle in the prostate. Tx enlarged prostate (BPH) but can cause Floppy iris syndrome in cataract surgery patients.

137
Q

Vancomycin

A

Other” antibiotic. Inhibits cell wall synthesis. mostly topical because oral = nephrotoxicity. via slow IV. elim via kidneys. tx enterocolitis (oral). Fever, chills, phlebitis at injection site, flushing and/or shock if rapid infusion (can pretreat with anti–histamine)”

138
Q

Bacitracin (common ocular)

A

Other” antibiotic. Gram positive. similar to vancomycin. via TOPICAL. SAFE IN PREGNANCY. causes nephrotoxicity. Tx MRSA, infection blepharitis, corneal ulcers”

139
Q

Isoproterenol

A

Non–selective beta agonist. Tx cardiac arrest (w/ epinephrine)

x SCO summer 2015 Pharmacology (6 decks)

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