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Pathophysiology > exam 2: acid-base > Flashcards

exam 2: acid-base Flashcards

1
Q

What happens when there is an acid-base balance?

A

changes in H+ concentration

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2
Q

How do you measure acid-base balance?

A

in blood via pH

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3
Q

what happens when blood is acidic?

A

increase in H+ concentration
increase in CO2
decrease in HCO3-
ph < 7.35

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4
Q

What are clinical manifestations of acidosis?

A

CNS:
lethargy, confusion, CNS depression leading to coma
RESP:
deep, rapid kussmaul respiration

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5
Q

what happens when blood is alkaline?

A

decrease in H+ concentration
decrease in CO2
increase in HCO3-
pH > 7.45

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6
Q

what are clinical manifestations of alkaline?

A

CNS:
nervousness, hyperactive reflexes, convulsions
RESP:
slow, shallow respirations
cardiac dysrhythmias

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7
Q

How does the lungs help with regulating blood pH

A

by rapidly exhaling CO2

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8
Q

how does the kidneys help with regulating blood pH

A

promotes reabsorption of HCO3- by expelling reserves when body is too acidic

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9
Q

normal lab values for pH

A

7.35-7.45

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10
Q

normal lab values for PaCO2

A

35-45

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11
Q

normal lab values for HCO3-

A

21-28

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12
Q

normal lab values for PaO2

A

80-100

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13
Q

normal lab values for SaO2

A

95-100%

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14
Q

What is allen test?

A

to check for adequate arterial perfusion by drawing arterial blood

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15
Q

what are volatile body acids

A

can be eliminated as CO2 gas or H2CO3

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16
Q

what are nonvolatile body acids

A

can only be eliminated by the kidneys
- lactic, sulfuric, phosphoric

17
Q

what happens when someone is in metabolic acidosis

A

low pH
normal or low HCO3-

18
Q

what causes metabolic acidosis?

A

DKA, starvation, lactic acidosis-shock, hypoxemia,
severe diarrhea, renal failure

19
Q

what are symptoms of metabolic acidosis?

A

headache, lethargy, kussmaul respirations, n/v, confusion, coma

20
Q

what happens when someone is in metabolic alkalosis

A

high pH
high HCO3-

21
Q

what causes metabolic alkalosis?

A

vomiting, gastric suction (HCl- loss)
diuretics (K/NA loss)
antacids
hyperaldosteronism

22
Q

what are symptoms of metabolic alkalosis?

A

weakness, muscle cramps, hyperactive reflexes, tetany, confusion, slow and shallow respirations, nausea, seizures

23
Q

what happens when someone is in respiratory acidosis?

A

low pH
high PaCO2

24
Q

what causes respiratory acidosis?

A

hypoventilation (no adequate perfusion), respiratory depression (narcotics, head injury), respiratory muscle weakness, asthma, COPD, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, drowing

25
Q

what are the symptoms of respiratory acidosis

A

bradycardia, hypotension, agitation, confusion, combativeness

26
Q

what happens when someone is in respiratory alkalosis

A

high pH
low PaCO2

27
Q

what causes respiratory alkalosis?

A

hyperventilation, hypermetabolic states, anxiety, fever, pain, pneumothorax

28
Q

what are symptoms of respiratory alkalosis?

A

tachycardia, anxiety, confusion, diaphoresis, dizziness, coma

29
Q

how does the body maintain normal pH through respiratory acid-base control

A

lungs during exhalation

30
Q

how does the body maintain normal pH through renal acid-base control

A

exchange of H+ for Na+ in tubules (excrete in urine)

31
Q

what is a buffer

A

chemical that can bind excessive H+ or OH- without a significant change in pH

32
Q

what are the two primary buffers of the body

A

HCO3- and phosphate ions

33
Q

what is a bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffering

A
  • recycles bicarbonate by reabsorbing in kidney if there is good reserve
  • create new bicarbonate if need more than reserve by using CO2 + H2) releasing the new bicarbonate into plasma to neutralize pH
34
Q

what is a protein buffering

A

intracellular/plasma
- has negative charges and serves as a buffer for H+
-renal buffering (kidney): phosphate buffer and ammonia buffer (renal tubules)

35
Q

what happens when gas is being transported?

A

delivery of O2 to the cells of the body
removal of CO2

36
Q

what are the steps in O2 gas transportation

A

-ventilation of lungs
-diffusion of O2 from alveoli into capillary blood
-perfusion of systemic capillaries with oxygenated blood
-diffusion of O2 from systemic capillaries into the cells

37
Q

what are the steps in transporting CO2 gas?

A

(reverse)
-diffusion of CO2 from cells into capillaries
-perfusion of pulmonary capillary bed by venous blood
-diffusion of CO2 into the alveoli
-removal of CO2 from lungs by ventilation

Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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