Exam 2

Question 1

dehumanization

Answer 1

construct them as less than fully human

Question 2

Americanization

Answer 2

coercive acculturation - in which an individual adopts, acquires and adjusts to a new cultural environment.

Question 3

cultural genocide

Answer 3

where American Indian children were taken away from their families and put into boarding schools for three or more years

Question 4

environmental racism/environmental justice

Answer 4

The tendency to burden marginalized with the environmental and health problems associated with storing hazardous waste is considered environmental racism
The movement for environmental justice is the organized response to environmental racism. It seeks to redress the unequal distribution of hazardous waste through community development and political empowerment in poor communities and communities of color.\

Question 5

cultural diffusion/cultural appropriation

Answer 5

– the practice of spreading the ideas, symbols, beliefs, values, and practices from one culture to another; generally seen as a reciprocal process (2-way street) that enriches both cultures
– the practice of adopting the ideas, symbols, beliefs, values, and practices from one culture or subculture by another; generally seen as a one-directional process (1-way street) by which the dominant culture enriches itself by taking from the minority culture that receives little benefit

Question 6

Continuum of assimilation: traditional

Answer 6

Main mode of communication is native language. Hold only traditional values, beliefs, and customs

Question 7

COA: marginal

Answer 7

May speak both native language and English. May not accept most traditional values and customs, but may not fully accept the dominant culture.

Question 8

COA: bicultural

Answer 8

Simultaneously accept both native and dominant group culture and appreciate both

Question 9

COA: assimilated

Answer 9

Accepted by dominant society; embrace only mainstream cultural values, behaviors, and expectations

Question 10

COA: Pan-traditional

Answer 10

Assimilated American Indians who have made a conscious choice to return to the “old ways.”

Question 11

filial piety

Answer 11

showing respect for and obedience to one’s elders

Question 12

miscegenation/anti-miscegenation

Answer 12

interracial relationships/anti-miscegenation laws banned interracial marriages between Chinese American men and white women

Question 13

Indian citizenship act 1924

Answer 13

The Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 granted full citizenship to about 125,000 of 300,000 indigenous people in the United States. It was enacted partially in recognition of the thousands of Indians who served in the armed forces in WWI

Question 14

issei/nisei/sansei/yonsei

Answer 14

issei - immigrant generation
nisei - second generation Chinese American
sansei - third generation Chinese American
yonsei - fourth generation Chinese American

Question 15

Chinese exclusion act 1882

Answer 15

barred further Chinese immigration to the United States

Question 16

de jure vs. de facto segregation

Answer 16

de facto: segregation resulting from what seems to be at first glance people’s choices or personal preferences
de jure: Segregation had been established by law

Question 17

institutional racism

Answer 17

took a new form after the United States abolished slavery. After slavery, many southern whites began experiencing economic problems, scandals, and frustrations.
Blacks in the South were beginning to experience socioeconomic respectability and upward mobility.
This led to resentment and increased hostility toward blacks.
Blacks became the scapegoat for white frustrations.

Question 18

Plessy v. ferguson

Answer 18

The Supreme Court ruling on Plessy v. Ferguson upheld the “separate but equal” clause

Question 19

black codes and jim crow laws

Answer 19

Black codes were the laws passed by Southern state legislatures to define the legal place of blacks in society after the Civil War; these state-level laws were designed to keep blacks in subservient positions after slavery was outlawed. They essentially criminalized the conditions Black people found themselves in after slavery ended – for instance, by criminalizing joblessness and homelessness, conditions that were very common among newly freed people.
* Until the 1960s, Jim Crow laws kept society in the South racially segregated. All public interaction was (legally) structured by race. These pervasive norms socialized people into accepting a world of institutionalized discrimination as “normal.”

Question 20

scapegoating

Answer 20

someone to blame for pearl harbor

Question 21

reparations

Answer 21

In 1988, the government made token reparations to those still living for losses sustained by this wartime imprisonment.
$20,000 was given to each of the 60,000 remaining survivors of the camps.
The law acknowledged the grave injustice to Japanese Americans.

Question 22

bipolarization

Answer 22

they occupy both the higher and lower ends of the socioeconomic spectrum

Question 23

racial profiling

Answer 23

ex. New York City’s “Stop and Frisk” program in minority neighborhoods)
Over-representation of African American males in the criminal justice system

Question 24

racial steering

Answer 24

When realtors engage in “racial steering,” they show different properties to different racial groups, essentially guiding them to same-race neighborhoods

Question 25

japanese internment

Answer 25

militarized encampments; they were not allowed to leave

Question 26

model minority/forever foreign stereotypes

Answer 26

Despite being born and raised in America, Asian Americans are often asked the question; “Where are you from?” This scenario normally entails a person asking another (generally non-white) person where they are from with the intent of finding out their ethnic origins rather than the place they grew up. Any answer that does not reference being of Asian descent is often followed up with “No, really, where are you from?” This question reflects a longstanding perception of Asian Americans as “forever foreign,” or as too different to be assimilated into the dominant group.

• suggests that Asian Americans assimilate easily into the dominant (white) culture and readily achieve the American Dream of economic success and high education levels

Question 27

racial transparency

Answer 27

Tendency for the race of a society’s majority to be so obvious, normative, and unremarkable that it becomes, for all intents and purposes, invisible.