Chapter 6/6

Question 1

Deindustrialization

Answer 1

1) decline in the manufacturing sector of the economy and a decrease in the supply of secure, well-paid, blue-collar, manual-labor jobs,
2) an expansion in the service and information-based sectors of the economy and an increase in the relative proportion of white-collar and “high-tech” jobs.
- the shift from a manufacturing economy to a service-oriented, information-processing economy.

Question 2

modern institutional discrimination

Answer 2

a more subtle and covert form of institutional discrimination.

Question 3

rigid competitive group

Answer 3

• minority-group members are freer to compete for jobs and other valued commodities with dominant-group members, especially those in the lower-class segments.
• competition increases, the threatened members of the dominant group become more hostile, and attacks on the minority groups tend to increase.
• of group relations is one in which the dominant group seeks to exclude the minority group or limit its ability to compete for scarce resources.

Question 4

Reconstruction

Answer 4

• brief respite in the long history of oppression and exploitation of African Americans.
• followed the Civil War and lasted from 1865 until the 1880s. Many racial reforms were instituted during this time, but all were reversed during the Jim Crow era.

Question 5

Fifteenth amendment

Answer 5

the right to vote cannot be denied on the grounds of “race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”

Question 6

Contact hypothesis

Answer 6

contact hypothesis says that for prejudice to decrease, four conditions need to be maximized: (1) equal status between groups including resources and prestige; (2) common goals; (3) cooperation and significant, meaningful interaction between groups that occurs in an atmosphere free from threat or competition; and (4) support from authority, law, or custom.

Question 7

De jure segregation

Answer 7

• minority group is physically and socially separated from the dominant group and consigned to an inferior position in virtually every area of social life.
• racial segregation that is institutionalized in local and state law.

Question 8

Jim Crow system

Answer 8

• The Jim Crow system was the system of rigid competitive race relations in the American South that lasted from the 1880s until the 1960s.
• some courtrooms maintained separate Bibles for African American witnesses to swear on

Question 9

13th amendment

Answer 9

“Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction”

Question 10

Sharecropping

Answer 10

sharecropping in which former slaves would work the land in return for “shares” of profit once the crop was sold.

Question 11

Plessy v. Ferguson

Answer 11

it was constitutional for states to require separate facilities (schools, parks, etc.) for African Americans as long as the separate facilities were fully equal.

Question 12

Bureaucracies

Answer 12

Bureaucracies are large-scale, impersonal, formal organizations that run “by the book.”

They are governed by rules and regulations (i.e., “red tape”) and are “rational” in that they attempt to find the most efficient ways to accomplish their tasks.

Question 13

Extractive (or primary) occupations

Answer 13

those that produce raw materials, such as food and agricultural products, minerals, and timber. The jobs in this sector often involve unskilled manual labor, require little formal education, and are generally low paying.

Question 14

Manufacturing (or secondary) occupations

Answer 14

transform raw materials into finished products ready for sale in the marketplace. Like jobs in the extractive sector, these blue-collar jobs involve manual labor, but they tend to require higher levels of skill and are more highly rewarded. Examples of occupations in this sector include the assembly line jobs that transform steel, rubber, plastic, and other materials into finished automobiles.

Question 15

Service (or tertiary) occupations

Answer 15

do not produce “things”; rather, they provide services. As urbanization increased and self-sufficiency decreased, opportunities for work in this sector grew. Examples of tertiary occupations include police officer, clerk, waiter, teacher, nurse, doctor, and cabdriver.

Question 16

primary labor market

Answer 16

includes jobs usually located in large, bureaucratic organizations. These positions offer higher pay, more security, better opportunities for advancement, health and retirement benefits, and other amenities. Entry requirements include college degrees, even when people with fewer years of schooling could competently perform the work.

Question 17

secondary labor market,

Answer 17

sometimes called the competitive market, includes low-paying, low-skilled, insecure jobs. Many of these jobs are in the service sector. They do not represent a career, per se, and offer little opportunity for promotion or upward mobility. Very often, they do not offer health or retirement benefits, have high rates of turnover, and are part-time, seasonal, or temporary.

Question 18

fluid competitive systems

Answer 18

In fluid competitive systems of group relations, minority-group members are freer to compete for jobs and other scarce resources.

Question 19

past-in-present institutional discrimination,

Answer 19

involves patterns of inequality or unequal treatment in the present that are caused by some pattern of discrimination in the past.

Question 20

affirmative action,

Answer 20

Affirmative action refers to programs that are intended to reduce the effects of past discrimination or increase diversity in workplaces and schools.

Question 21

disparate impact.

Answer 21

if a practice has unequal results, federal policy and court precedents tend to assume that the practice is racially biased.

Question 22

Civil Rights Movement

Answer 22

multifaceted campaign to end legalized segregation and ameliorate the massive inequalities faced by African Americans.

Question 23

Brown v. Board of education of Topeka

Answer 23

In 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court delivered the single most powerful blow to de jure segregation

• They reversed the Plessy v. Ferguson decision of 1896 and ruled that racially separate facilities are inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional.
• Segregated school systems—and all other forms of legalized racial segregation—would have to end.
• The landmark Brown decision was the culmination of decades of planning and effort by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

Question 24

Rosa parks

Answer 24

Parks had been active in the fight for equal rights as a member of the Montgomery chapter of the NAACP.

Just months before her arrest, Parks attended a desegregation workshop at the Highlander Folk School in Tennessee

Question 25

1946—Irene Morgan,

Answer 25

a 27-year-old from Maryland,

Morgan needed to see her doctor and took the bus back to Maryland. Although she was sitting in the “colored section,” the bus got crowded and the driver asked her (and another passenger) to move farther back. When Morgan refused, the driver drove to the jail where the sheriff produced a warrant for her arrest. Morgan tore it up and threw it out the bus window. Morgan wasn’t trained in nonviolent civil disobedience and when an officer grabbed her she fought back. A court found her guilty of resisting arrest and ordered her to pay a $100 fine, equivalent to more than $1,200 in 2017

She pleaded “not guilty” to violating Virginia’s segregation laws, and was convicted and fined another $10, but would not pay it. The NAACP provided a legal team under the leadership of Thurgood Marshall and William Hastie who took the case before the Supreme Court (Morgan v. Commonwealth of Virginia). Morgan won with the Court ruling that segregated seating by race on interstate travel was “an undue burden on commerce”

Question 26

1947—Bayard Rustin,

Answer 26

a gay activist who had worked with A. Philip Randolph was serving as a field representative for the Fellowship of Reconciliation

FOR helped found an important civil rights organization, the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) (“Fellowship of Reconciliation,” n.d.), and took an intersectional approach to nonviolent civil disobedience to “bring about equality for all people regardless of race, creed, sex, age, disability, sexual orientation, religion or ethnic background”

Although Morgan v. the Commonwealth of Virginia ruled that segregation on interstate transportation was unconstitutional, many southern private bus companies avoided obeying this ruling by passing their own segregation guidelines. To put an end to segregated interstate travel, 16 men from CORE, 8 black and 8 white, traveled on what they called a Journey of Reconciliation. The white men sat in the “colored section” of the buses and African American men sat in the “white section.” Several of the men were arrested and jailed. The court sentenced Rustin to 30 days on a chain gang and, ever the activist, he published a report about his experiences, Twenty-Two Days on the Chain Gang at Roxboro, North Carolina, that led to prison reforms (Rustin, 1947). The CORE bus rides provided a model for the Freedom Rides of 1961

Question 27

nonviolent direct action,

Answer 27

a method by which people confronted the system of de jure segregation head-on, not in the courtroom or in the state legislature but in the places where they experienced it, such as the bus, the shop, the movie theater, or the street. The movement’s principles of nonviolence were adopted from the tenets of Christianity and from the teachings of Mohandas K. Gandhi, Henry David Thoreau, and others.

Question 28

de facto segregation:

Answer 28

segregation resulting from what seems to be, at first glance, peoples’ choices or personal preferences.

De facto segregation is racial separation and inequality that appears, on the surface, to result from voluntary choice. Often, de facto segregation is really a disguised form of de jure segregation.

Question 29

Black Power Movement

Answer 29

a loose coalition of organizations and spokespersons that encompassed a variety of ideas and views, many of which differed sharply from those of the Civil Rights Movement.