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Comm 201 > Exam #2 > Flashcards

Exam #2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the contemporary approaches to studying human communication?

A

Social science approach
Interpretive approach
Critical approach

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2
Q

What is an approach/paradigm?

A

Belief system that represents a particular worldview.

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3
Q

Set of statements that explains a particular phenomenon.

A

Theory

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4
Q

The specific ways that scholars collect and analyze data, which then is used to prove or disprove the theory.

A

Methods

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5
Q

Types of methods:

A
  1. Surveys
  2. Interviews
  3. Observations
  4. Focus groups
  5. Analyses of texts
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6
Q

Focused on the individual, or occasionally, dryads. Contemporary term for the behaviorist approach.

A

Social Science Approach

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7
Q

What was the focus of the social science approach?

A

Behaviorist focus. Reality is observable and describable making predictions possible.

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8
Q

What method did the social science approach use?

A

Quantitative, concerting information into numerical data.

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9
Q

What are the strengths of the social science approach?

A

Useful in explaining communication patterns and predicting their effects.

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10
Q

What are the limitations of the social science approach?

A
  1. Human behavior is not always predictable
  2. Lab results may not hold up outside of the lab.
  3. Surveys don’t allow for insight into complex issues.
  4. Focuses on individual without looking at larger societal forces. (Inequalities, socioeconomic issues)
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11
Q

Contemporary term for humanistic (rhetorical) study. Focused on the individual and influenced by the Greeks.

A

Interpretive Approach

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12
Q

What was the focus of the interpretive approach?

A

Rhetoric/humanism. Primary goal to understand and describe human communication behavior in specific contexts or situations.

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13
Q

What are the methods of the interpretive approach?

A

Qualitative- data comes from reporting observations. Assess the quality of the Comm.

Ethnographic- field research rather than lab research. (Surveys, observation, interviewing)

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14
Q

What are the strengths of the interpretive approach?

A

Provides in depth understanding of and insights into communication in specific situations.

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15
Q

What are the limitations of the interpretive approach?

A
  1. Uses few participants, so researchers cannot make broader generalizations.
  2. Researchers are often outsiders in relation to those they study so their interpretations may not be accurate.
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16
Q

Concerned with how societal forces influence and interact with individual forces. Ultimate goal is to change society

A

Critical approach

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17
Q

What is the focus of the critical approach?

A

Enacting social change

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18
Q

What is the method of the critical approach?

A

Qualitative, using observation and textual analysis.

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19
Q

What are the strengths of the critical approach?

A
  1. Emphasis on importance of societal forces on human communication.
  2. Acknowledgement of the role of power
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20
Q

What are the limitations of the critical approach?

A
  1. Pack of focus on face to face interactions.
  2. We learn how the media influences people, but we don’t learn how to talk to each other.
  3. Does not produce quantitative data or allow for generalizations.
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21
Q

Societal categories you use to define yourself, as well as categories others define you by.

A

Identity

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22
Q

How we differ from other individuals, what makes us unique.

A

Individual level of identity

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23
Q

How our groups differ from other groups.

A

Societal level of identity

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24
Q

What are the levels identity exists at?

A

Individual and societal

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25
Q

Our self image develops through how others view us and the messages they send about who we are. (Also called the looking glass self)

A

Reflected appraisals

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26
Q

When do reflected appraisals begin?

A

At birth, (good or bad baby)

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27
Q

Important people in your life whose opinions and behaviors shape your identity.

A

Particular others

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28
Q

Collection of roles, rules, norms, beliefs endorsed by the community. (What is valued and important to others)

A

Generalized others

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29
Q

Our expectations that something might occur actually increase the likelihood that it will occur.

A

Self- Fulfilling Prophecy

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30
Q

A fairly stable set of perceptions we hold about ourselves.

A

Self- concept

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31
Q

Self presentation. How we show the world who we think we are. Shown through how we call ourselves, artifacts and clothing, Comm style.

A

Performance of identity

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32
Q

Identification with a particularly group, develops through societal forces. Historically divided by physical traits.

A

Racial identity

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33
Q

Refers to one’s citizenship

A

National identity

34
Q 
Based on social groups (not genetic) sharing one or all of:
National or tribal affiliation
Religion 
Language
Culture
A

Ethnic identity

35
Q

Does not require government recognition.

A

Ethnic identity

36
Q

How and to what extent one identifies with the social construction of masculinity and femininity.

A

Gender identity

37
Q

Refers to the various categories of sexuality one identifies with.

A

Sexual identity

38
Q

Not just about the number of years you’ve been alive, but how you feel about your age as well as what other view that age to mean.

A

Age identity

39
Q

How people are ranked based on income, occupation, education, where you live, etc. (no set Rules defining classes)

A

Social class identity

40
Q

A sense-making procedure where we attempt to understand our environment so we can respond to it properly.

A

Perception

41
Q

Consciously or unconsciously we narrow the range of what we attend to. (We cannot focus on everything our senses tell us)

A

Selective attention

42
Q

Who/ what you focus on depends on?

A

Identity, features of the other person, goals/expectations in the situation,

43
Q

Factors affecting selection

A 
Primacy and decency
Intensity
Size
Contrast
Repetition 
Movement
44
Q

We pay attention to and remember comments that:

A

Are negative
Violate our expectations
Are made in important situations

45
Q

The process by which one recognizes what sensory input represents.

A

Organization

46
Q

The ability to form mental models of the world around us. (We hear a fire alarm, we exit the building)

A

Cognitive representation

47
Q

Cognitive process used to organize information by placing it into larger groupings. (Restaurant as a place to eat)

A

Categorization

48
Q

What can categorization lead to?

A

Labels and stereotyping

49
Q

Creating schemas that overgeneralize attributes of a specific group.

A

Stereotyping

50
Q

Must assign meaning to what we have deflected and organized. (We don’t assign meaning universally)

A

Interpretation

51
Q

Structures that shape how people interpret their perceptions; our worldview.

A

Frames

52
Q

What are frames shaped by?

A

Time
Experience
Interactions
Innate Personality

53
Q

Explaining the cognitive and verbal process we use to judge our own and others’ behaviors.

A

Attribution theory

54
Q

Based on personality, more often used with unexpected or negative behaviors

A

Internal attribution

55
Q

Situational

A

External attribution

56
Q

The tendency to attribute one’s own negative behavior to external causes and ones own positive behavior to internal causes.

A

Attributional bias

57
Q

Refers to how detailed, involved or numerous a person’s constructs (organizational categories) are

A

Cognitive complexity

58
Q

What is cognitive complexity influenced by?

A

Age, intellectual ability, experiences

59
Q

What does cognitive complexity influence?

A

Communication behaviors

60
Q

Categories people develop to help them organize info.

A

Constructs

61
Q

The tendency to view one’s own group as the standard against which others are judged.

A

Ethnocentrism

62
Q

Adverse or negative feelings toward a group as a whole or toward an individual because they are part of a group.

A

Prejudice

63
Q

Protects our self-worth if others are worse off than we are.

A

Ego- defensive functions

64
Q

The time period in which we group up and live affects our perceptions and communication.

A

The role of historical time period

65
Q

Learned patterns of perceptions, values, and behaviors shared by a group.

A

Culture

66
Q

Communication occurring in interactions between people who are culturally different. (Can have many to almost no cultural similarities)

A

Intercultural communication

67
Q

What is the importance of intercultural communication?

A

As we become aware of differences, we become aware of our own behaviors.
Diverse groups outperform less diverse groups.

68
Q

People who live between cultures and engage in intercultural communication on a daily basis.

A

Border Dwellers

69
Q

Students, missionaries, corporate personnel, military

A

Voluntary short term travelers

70
Q

Immigrants seeking a better life

A

Voluntary long-term travelers

71
Q

Temporary refugees escaping war, famine, economic hardships.

A

Involuntary short-term travelers

72
Q

Those forced to permanently relocate.

A

Involuntary long-term travelers

73
Q

Feeling of disorientation or discomfort due to the lack of environmental cues.

A

Culture shock

74
Q

People who grew up living between cultural groups. (Integrates neighborhoods, multiracial, most non white ethnic groups)

A

Border dwellers through socialization

75
Q

People who are in intercultural relationships.

A

Border dwellers through relationships

76
Q

Beliefs so central to a group that they never have to question them. (Strongly influence behavior and communication)

A

Cultural values

77
Q

Rewards autonomy and independence. Primary responsibility is to yourself. (North America, Northern Europe)

A

Individualist

78
Q

Stresses the needs of the groups, interdependence. Primary responsibility is to relationships with others. (Hispanic, Asian, Indian)

A

Collectivist

79
Q

Recognizes that things do not need to be either/ or but can be both/ and.

A

Dialectic approach

80
Q

Viewing others from different cultures as exotic. Should be avoided.

A

Zoo approach

Comm 201 (4 decks)

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