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A+P 211 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

dig. system function

A 
ingestion
digestion
   chem and mech.
absorp
compaction
defecation
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2
Q

dig. motility (contraction)

A 
skel musc.
   oral cavity
smooth musc.
fibers on OUTSIDE of cell
1 nucleus/ cell
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3
Q

dig. system musc innervation types

A

multi-unit sm
indiv. innervation of cell

visceral sm
rhythmic act
gap junctions
one source innervation

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4
Q

smooth musc. orientation

A

transverse
prevent backwards mvmnt
central nuclei w/ cytoplasmic ring
more dotted

longitudinal
     flow in one direction
    more scattered layout
    NO striations
    few blood vessels
    more striped like
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5
Q

peristalsis

A

one direction of mvmnt

mouth to anus

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6
Q

segmentation

A

intestines
bidirec. mixing
food w/ secretions

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7
Q

secretion (organs)

A

accessory
saliv. glands
gastric glands
liver and pancreas

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8
Q

salivary glands

A

parotid
sublingual
submandibular

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9
Q

gastric glands

A

in stomach

always open

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10
Q

main bile duct and main pancreatic duct combine to form

A

hepatopancreatic ampulla

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11
Q

muscosa

A

inner lining
simp. epith. tissue
lamina propria “basement mem”
CT (irr)

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12
Q

submuscosa

A

house glands, veins and vessels

superior to mucosa

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13
Q

muscularis externa

A

facili. perastalsis

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14
Q

serosa

A

outmost layer

prevents friction

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15
Q

esophagus histology (layers)

A

thin

many layer

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16
Q

stomach histology

A

thick

houses glands

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17
Q

small intestine histology

A

villi and microvilli

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18
Q

tongue

A

mucous mem
skel musc
fun- moving food, sensation, produces lingual lipase

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19
Q

teeth

A

fun- breakdown food (mech)
inc SA
allows dig enz wrk more effectively

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20
Q

salivary glands fun

A

3 (extrinsic)

produce saliva

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21
Q

saliva comp

A 
water
buffers 
antib
amylase and lipase
mucus
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22
Q

neural stimulation and saliva

A 
pns
  acc watery saliva
  acceler
sns
   creates thick saliva 
   inhib
* salivary center in medullary oblongota
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23
Q

pharynx prts

A 
oropharynx
  before back of throat
laryngopharynx
      closes trachea
      so food goes into esopha
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24
Q

esophagus

A

infer and sup esoph sphincter

fun- swallowing

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25
Q

swallowing

A

oral cavity phase
voluntary

pharyngeal phase
gag-reflux
invol

esophageal phase
invol

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26
Q

histology of esopha

A

sm and skeletal musc

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27
Q

SNS effect on dig. system

A

inhibits

saliva, stomach, pancreas and intestines func.

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28
Q

PNS effect on dig. system

A

stimulates saliva production

stomach, pancreas and intestines fun.

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29
Q

regions of stomach

A

cardiac
fundus
body
pyloric

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30
Q

stem cells in stomach fun

A

replacement
cycle quickly due to acidity damage
can be specialized

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31
Q

mucous cells in stomach

A

2 types-
neck and surface
produce muc.
help stomach frm digesting own cells w/ acidity

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32
Q

parietal cells in stomach

A

secrete HCL,
Intrinsic factor (B12 absorp)
hormone Ghrelin

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33
Q

Ghrelin fun.

A

produced when stomach empty

inc. sensation of hunger

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34
Q

chief cells in stomach

A

secrete inactive pepsinogen

(a zymogen)

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35
Q

eneteroendocrine cells in stomach

A

secrete variety hormones

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36
Q

stomach cells

A 
stem 
mucous
parietal
chief
enteroendocrine
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37
Q

HCL pathway to stomach and blood

A

carbonic anhydrase splits into
H and HCO3
H+ goes to stomach via
uses H+/K+ pump (against concentration gradient)
exchanges K ions in stomach w/ H ions in parietal cell

HCO3 transported to blood
exchanges HCO3 out for Cl in
chloride shift
Cl transported into stomach
H and Cl combine to form HCL in stomach
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38
Q

chloride shift

A

Cl- into stomach

bicarbonate going into blood

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39
Q

alkaline tide

A

HCO3 into blood stream

(hco3 is a base or “alkaline”)

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40
Q

fun. acidity in stomach

A 
antibac protection
protein denaturation
     disrupt H bonding
    expose aa 
cell wall brkdown
pepsin act
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41
Q

pepsin

A

activated form pepsinogen
replaces saliv. amylase
thrives in low pH
recog. specific aa sequences

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42
Q

gastric lipase

A

dig. fats in stomach before reach sm in
(precurser)
triglyc into diglyceride w/ fatty acid
diglyceride into monosacc w/ 2 fatty acids

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43
Q

Gastric motility in stomach

A

churning
rhythmic act. of sm. muscles
visceral
combine food w/ secretions = CHYME

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44
Q

chyme to duodenum channel

A

thru pyloric sph.

3 tsp at a time

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45
Q

time of food in stomach

A

depends
fat and acidity take longer to digest
acid- lower pH
fat- hydrophob covering

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46
Q

gastric motility- absorp

A

very little

can absorb alcohol

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47
Q

cephalic phase

A

prep
stim- brain (sensory ex. smell)
response- inc. gastric secre and excretion

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48
Q

gastric phase

A 
action
stim- stomach expansion
response- inc gas. secretion frm parietal and chief cells
    pari- HCL
    chief- pepsin
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49
Q

gastric phase feedback loop

A 
inc food
inc gastrin
    secretes HCL and enhances stomach motil.
inc ACh
inc stomach act
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50
Q

intestinal phase

A 
control
stim- food into duod
response- inc. gastric act
fat and acidity signal
   enteroendocrine reflex
      gastric fun. INHIBITED
           dec. vagal act
           inc. sympath. act
release CCK and secretin
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51
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

drains sm int

transpor nutr rich blood to liver for filtration

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52
Q

hepatic artery

A

blood to liver

branch off celiac a

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53
Q

hepatic vein

A

carry out deoxyg blood from liver

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54
Q

sinusoids

A

type of capillary

process lrg amnts blood

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55
Q

flow of blood in liver

A

in hepatic a
through sinusoids
out hepatic v

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56
Q

hepatic macrophages

A

“kupffer cells”
breakdown mat.
eat bac.

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57
Q

fun of bile

A

physical brkdwn
of fat (like soap)
polar and nonpolar regions
aids in chem. dig.

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58
Q

gallbladder fun

A

stores, conc and excretes bile

sm muscle controlled by CCK

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59
Q

liver fun

A

bile production, drug and alcoh detoxification, plasma p syn, hormone modification, blood filtering (dead blood c and o/ cellular debris)

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60
Q

bile comp

A 
h2o
bilirubin
   (frm hemoglobin)
bile salts
     (frm choles)
micelles
lecithin
  type of fat
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61
Q

lecithin

A

breaks down fat

gives bile structure

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62
Q

Pancreatic duct connects w/?

A

ducts merge w/ main pan duct which connects to main bile duct form main duodenal papilla and heptaopancreatic ampulla

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63
Q

sphincter of oddi

A

sm musc. controls mat in duodenum fm ampulla/ papilla

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64
Q

pancreas endocrine fun

A

hormo into bloodstream

islets of langerhans

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65
Q

pancreas exocrine fun

A

acini cells
secre. pan juice
stim= inc PNS (ach)

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66
Q

pancreas endocrine fun (bicarb)

A

neutr intestine environ
enzymes work in optimal pH
controlled by secretin

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67
Q

digestive hormones

A 
GIP
VIP
CCK
Secretin
Gastrin
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68
Q

Gastrin

A 
stim- food sensation (PNS) ex. smell
   gastric discentation
sensor- G cells in gastric pits
effectors- inc secretion
       stim pancreas and gallbladder
      inc motility
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69
Q

CCK

A

fat
stim- lipid chyme in sm in
recep- sm in enteroendocrine c
effectors- gastric mot dec and emptying dec
stim pancreas (lipase) + gallb (bile)
dec hunger (CNS)

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70
Q

Secretin

A

acid
stim- acid chyme in sm in
recep- sm in enteroendocrine c
effectors- pancr. buffer/ bile produc. and secretion
inhibit gastric gland
dec potential acidity coming to sm in
gastric motil inhib (pyloric sphin)

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71
Q

GIP

A

glucose dependant insulinotropic peptide
carbs (sugar)
stim- gluc hyperosmolarity
rec- sm in enteroendocrine c
effector- islets langerhans secrete insulin
liver+ skel musc. cells take glucose from blood
dec major changes in blood sugar spikes

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72
Q

Dig. hormones that inhibit stomach motility

A

GIP
secretin
CCK

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73
Q

Dig. hormone for glucose (from enteroendocrine cells)

A

GIP

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74
Q

VIP

A 
stim- disention of pylorus
recep- sm in enteroendocrine c
effect- inc. secret intestinal glands
vasodil of in vessels
gastric gland dec
   give in more time to absorb nut.
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75
Q

sm in fun

A 
primary site absorb and dig
accepts bile (gallb) and pancreatic secretions (pan)
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76
Q

sections of sm in

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum
ileocecal junction (valve)

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77
Q

plicae circulares

A

crescent shaped folds
extenstion of sm in wall
borders lumen
inc. SA for absorp

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78
Q

villi

A

off mucosa layer
give rise to goblet and enteroendocrine cells
enteroend (simpl. columnar epith.)

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79
Q

microvilli

A

from plasma mem of villi
make brush border and enzymes
in SA + therefore absorpt

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80
Q

sm in histology (cap beds)

A

extensive cap beds

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81
Q

lacteal

A

absorbs lipids into lymphatic system

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82
Q

dudodenal glands

A

Brunners glands
secrete mucous and alkaline
protect sm in from stomach acidity

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83
Q

intestinal glands (crypts)

A

secrete in. juice

hormone production

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84
Q

segmentation in intestines

A

bidirectional mixing
food stim by rubbing against walls
local control (pacemaker cells)
coordinated control of longitudinal and circular musc.

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85
Q

gastroenteric reflex

A

stim intestinal motil. (perstalsis)

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86
Q

gastroileal reflex

A

relaxation of ileocecal junc.

prevents reflux of cecum content back into sm in

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87
Q

hydrolysis

A

cleave covalent bonds with water
changes chem comp
enzymes regoc. specific shapes

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88
Q

carb digestion enzymes

A

salivary and pancreatic amylase (starch)

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89
Q

products of starch breakdown

A

maltose and limit dextrins

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90
Q

limit dextrins and maltose breakdown

A

happens in sm in by brush border enzymes
sucrase= sucrose- fructose and glucose
maltase= maltose- glucosex2
lactase= lactose- gluc and galactose

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91
Q

carb absorption

A

Na cotransport
Glucose and Galac. hitch ride w/ Na coming in from Na/K pump
form of facilitated diff.
fructose diffuses on own w/out cotransport

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92
Q

endopeptidase

A

break interior aa bonds

recog specific sequences

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93
Q

exopeptidase

A 
breakdown proteins
cleave ends
take longer
produced by cell as zymogen
    so don't eat own self
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94
Q

stomach dig proteins (secreted by cells in stomach!!!)

A

pepsin
active form pepsinogen
secreted by cheif cells
activated by stomach pH

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95
Q

small in dig proteins (proteases)

A

pancreatic protease

and brush border protease

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96
Q

trypsin

A

active form trypsinogen

endopeptidase

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97
Q

chymotrypsin

A

active form chymotrypsinogen

endopeptidase

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98
Q

carboxypeptidase

A

exopeptidase

active form procarboxypeptidase

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99
Q

pancreatic protease

A

carboxypeptidase
trypsin
chymotrypsin

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100
Q

brush border protease

A

aminopeptidase
dipeptidase
enterokinase

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101
Q

aminopeptidase

A

exopeptidase

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102
Q

dipeptidase

A

endopeptidase

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103
Q

enterokinase

A

activator!!

interacts w/ trypsin to start

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104
Q

sm in dig protein feedback loop

A

trypsinogen act. by enterokinase = trypsin
trypsin act. procarboxypeptidase = carboxypeptidase
typsin act chymotrypsinogen = chymotrypsin

105
Q

Flow of proteins btw dig. system and circ. system

A

from dig to circ.

(circ lower concentation)

106
Q

protein absorp

A

aa transported w/ na cotransport and Na/K pump

107
Q

DI/Tripeptide absorp

A

transported w/ na cotransport and Na/K pump

broken down by lysosome inside cell

108
Q

lipid digestion problems

A

fat is hydrophobic
sticks together
harder for dig enzymes to work

109
Q

lipid dig

A 
bile emulsifies
    (breaks into smaller pieces) by surrounding fat mol.
lipase 
   lingual + pancreatic (sm in)
            brkdwn triglycerides into monosacc and 2 fatty a
micelle
     absorbed by cells
     made of bile salts and digested fat
110
Q

lipid packaging

A

triglycerides and cholesterol surr. by phospholipid bi-layer and protein
chylomicron
transfer bus for lrg fat mol.

111
Q

categorization of lipid density

A 
chylomicron
VLDL
IDL
LDL
HDL
112
Q

lipid absorption

A 
diffusion
   across cellular mem
reassembled
    fatty a and protein made in chylomicron in golgi
exocytosis
     bypass circ. system
lymphatic system
      absorb by lacteal
113
Q

lipid abs.- diffusion

A

fatty a can cross mem w/out cotransfer

cross into circulatory mem

114
Q

lipid abs.- reassembled

A

in golgi apparatus
fatty a and protein= chylomicron
packaged and ready for transport

115
Q

lipid abs.- exocytosis

A

bypass circulatory system

too big

116
Q

lipid abs.- lymphatic system

A

chylomicron absorbed by lacteal
(in villi)
enter lympathic system and eventually back to circ. system

117
Q

undigestable mat.

A

vitamins
minerals
water

118
Q

vitamin absorption

A 
essential to body
fat soluble
     A,D,E,K
water soluble
     diffusion
b12- (intrinsic factor)
119
Q

mineral absorption

A 
in ionic form
channel mediated diff
    facill. diff.
    Na+, K+, Cl- and HCO3-
active transport
     Na+, Ca+, Mg2+, Fe2+
cotransport
     Na+ (glucose and galactose)
Na IN ALL
120
Q

water absorption

A 
mostly in lrg in
through osmosis
    osmotic gradient
          passive
               H2O follows Na!!!!
secretions
    salivary and gastric
121
Q

lrg in fun

A

water, vitamin (B+K), electrolyte storage

feces production and elimination

122
Q

parts of lrg in

A 
cecum
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
sigmoid colon
rectum
anus (anal canal)
123
Q

haustra

A

pouches of bowl

124
Q

taeniae coli

A

smooth muscle
shiny
sensory fun
detects mvmt feces when intestines stretch

125
Q

lrg in histology

A 
no villi
many many goblet cells
    stim by undigestable fiber contact
        inc. mucous secretion
               helps with easy defecation
126
Q

lrg in absorb

A

vitamins (b+K)
made by bacteria
h20
electrolytes

127
Q

lrg in mvmnt

A 
haustral churning
      mix + squeeze water out
mass mvmnt
      rectum stretched
          stim defecation reflex
128
Q

defecation reflex

A

stim short and long reflexes
brain and rectum alterted
contract abdominal muscles
inc. P

129
Q

short term appetite

A

ghrelin

and peptide YY and CCK

130
Q

ghrelin

A

secreted by parietal cells in stomach
inc hunger when empty
stim hypothal (feeding center)

131
Q

Peptide YY and CCK

A

dec hunger
secreted by enteroendocrine cells
stim when chyme enters sm in
inhibit feeding center of hypothal

132
Q

long term appetite

A

leptin and insulin

133
Q

leptin

A 
only one affects satiety center
inc feeling fullness
secreted by adipose tissue
set point varies w/ diff people
leptin inc= appet dec
leptin dec= appet inc
134
Q

insulin

A

dec hunger

produced when blood sugar high

135
Q

calories

A

energy when food oxidized
fats 9kcal
protein and lipids 4kcal

136
Q

macronutrients

A

carbs
proteins
lipids
fiber

137
Q

carbs

A 
only energy for neurons and rbcs
stored in liver and skel. muscles
    broken down when exercising/ starving
reg. by insulin and glucagon
Ex. starches and sugar
138
Q

fiber

A

ex. cellulose

indigestable

139
Q

lipids

A

fat

majority = triglycerides

140
Q

lipid transport

A

lipoproteins
ex. chylomicrons
VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL
dec in fat concentration

141
Q

exogenous lipid transport pathway

A

dietary source
dig tract, lymphat, circul, tissues
cells in tissue absorb fat when stim by lipoprotien lipase
stored in cardiac, skel muscl, adipose cells or liver

142
Q

lipoprotein lipase

A

act. uptake of lipids in tissue

143
Q

endogenous lipid transport pathway

A

liver processed
liver, VLDL,IDL, tissue
only stored in cardiac and skel muscl

144
Q

cholesterol transp

A 
from liver to cells as LDL
   triglycer removed
   cholesterol tacked on
         into circ system
LDL= cholest. delivery
   excess chol. into blood
145
Q

HDL and cholesterol

A

absorbs excess choles. in blood
transport back to liver
“garbage truck”

146
Q

high blood cholesterol levels of lipoproteins

A

low HDL

high LDL

147
Q

protein types

A

essential and non-essential

148
Q

micronut

A

vitamins

and minerals

149
Q

minerals

A

fun- bone structure, molecular coenzymes, electrolytes (tissue excitability)
ex. ca+, na+, K+, cl-

150
Q

vitamins

A 
fat soluble
    A,D,E,K
water soluble
    C and B
metabolic precursers
structural components
151
Q

catabolism

A

breaking down
exergonic (spontan)
energy yielding

152
Q

anabolism

A

building
endergonic (nonspon)
energy requiring

153
Q

nutrient pool

A

fatty a, aa, glucose
from diet
breakdown for energy
catabol

154
Q

atp uses

A

storage
structure
function
anabolic

155
Q

redox cycles

A 
mvmnt electrons (elec. transp chain)
  attracted higher electroneg. mol
citric acid cycle
   ach in, NADH and FADH2 out
oxid phosphor
    accept NADH and FADH2
    produes ATP
156
Q

citric acid cycle

A

in= pyruvate (ach), 3NAD+, FAD, ADP, P
out= 3 NADH,
add elec., reduction rxn
FADH2,
reduction rxn, substra. lvl phosphor
ATP,
2CO2
1 gluc= 2 pyru = 2Coa
inc ATP need = inc CO2 production

157
Q

aerobic respiration

A

oxidation CO2

reduction H2O

158
Q

oxidative phophorylation

A 
NADH, FADH2 oxidized (lose ele)
     bind to H2O produced
lose energy as go down chain
O2 final acceptor of ele
H+ proton gradient produced
        diffuse back into mem w/ atp synthase
        turn wheel 
                make ATP
159
Q

glycolysis

A

breakdown of glucose
catabo
anaerobic in cytosol
glucose, 2 pyruvatue, 2 NADH, 2 ATP

if oxygen present
       pyruv, acetyl Coa and CO2
if no oxygen
       pyruv, lactic acid
           used make NADH
160
Q

gluconeogenesis

A 
glucose from scratch
anabolic
need ATP
endergoinc
     in= pyruv and ketogenic aa, glycerol and lactate
161
Q

glycogenolysis

A 
glycogen to glucose
stim by glucagon and epineph
occurs in skel musc. and liver
happens when low blood sugar
catabol
162
Q

glycogenesis

A 
make glycogen
    store glucose as glyc
stim by insulin
 high blood sugar
  cells uptake glucose and store
anabolic
163
Q

lipolysis

A

brkdwn fat
triglycer, fatty a, glycerol

beta ox
fatty a- CoA
if excess fatty a = acetone

164
Q

lipogenesis

A

uses CoA back to Fatty a
glycerol, glycerides
fat stored when energy intake> energy output

165
Q

transamination

A

breakdown protein
aa and keto acid swap places
make keto acid and NEW aa
enter citric acid cycle

adding N group

166
Q

deamination

A

remove amino group
aa, keto acid, ammonium ion

keto a enters citric a cycle
ammonium enters urea cycle

167
Q

urea cycle

A

in liver
endergoinc
diluting ammonium

168
Q

protein anabolism

A

amination and transamin of keto a
NADH to NAD+
NH4+ to H2O

169
Q

roles of liver

A 
nutrient metab
   protein, fat, carbs
plasma p syn.
vitam metab and storage
bile production
breakdwn
   drugs, alco, hormones, bac, bilirubin
170
Q

absorpative state

A

after meal
dig. sytem absorb nutr and to circ system
anabolic
store energy

171
Q

postabsorp state

A 
when need energy
catabolic
breakdwn stores to release energy
stim by glucagon, epineph and grwth hormone
fuel NOT glucose
       = fatty a and glycogen
172
Q

metabolic rate

A 
basal meta rate (BMR)
caloric intake
dec w age
not account for body comp
    ex. lean muscl
173
Q

convection

A

replaces heat by mvmnt air or liquid

174
Q

radiation

A

why feel colder in shade

blocks waves

175
Q

evaporation

A

mol. w most enregy leave first

176
Q

conduction

A

thermal change w/ direct contact

ex. laying on warm cement

177
Q

respir functions

A 
gas exchange (respir)
vocalization
olfaction
acid base balance
angiotension converting (blood p reg)
dev. pressure gradient
178
Q

conducting v respiratory

A

conducting
bulk air flow
respir
gas exchange

179
Q

conducting structures

A

upper resp tract
mouth, pharynx, epiglottis
fun- maintains environ (warms, cleanses + humidifies air)
olfaction
lwr respir tract
glottis, larynx, trachea, bronchi
fun- vocalization (glottis, voca cords)
airflow + cleansing (cilia/ mucus elevator)

180
Q

histology respir tract

A

upper to lower tracts
cartilage dec, sm muscle inc
goblet cells dec

181
Q

respiratory structures

A

bronchioles
alveoli
respiratory mem

182
Q

bronchioles

A

respir. structure
control amnt air to alveoli
inc sm
dec diameter and cartilage

183
Q

alveoli

A

respir. structure
site gas exchange
2 cell types

184
Q

type 1 cells (squamous)

A

alveoli
fun- diffusion
thin mem
big SA without taking up a lot of room

185
Q

type 2 cells (great)

A

alveoli
repair and produce surfactant
prevents h20 from accumulating and closing bronchioles

186
Q

wandering macrophages

A

alveoli

filter bac+ debris from inhalation

187
Q

respiratory mem

A

respir. structure
cross apical+ basilar mem of type 1
cross basilar and apical mem of capillary endothelial cells to circulatory system
!simple diff.

188
Q

inspiration muscles

A

diaphragm

external intercostals

189
Q

stim and musc type- respir

A

somatic innervation

skel muscles

190
Q

diaphragm movement

A

inhalation- contracts and pulls down (inc V)

exhalation- relaxes and pushes up (dec V)

191
Q

expiration muscles

A

internal intercostals

abs (rectus abdominus)

192
Q

diff btw forced breathing and quiet breathing

A

quiet “eupnea”
diaphragm controls
forced
incl. action from intercostals + abs

193
Q

type of skel muscles control

A

somatic!

hormones do not effect

194
Q

locations of control

A

medulla

pons

195
Q

meduallary control

A

ventral respir. group

dorsal respir group

196
Q

ventral respiratory group

A 
medulla
stim muscl w/ neurons
inspir + expiration
include phrenic and intercostal nerves
     effect diaphragm and intercostals
"button pusher"
197
Q

dorsal respiratory group

A

coach of button pusher
medulla
recieves sensory info
edits act. of VRG

198
Q

pontine respiratory group

A 
pons
control VRG (pusher) and DRG (coach)
 connection point btw higher brain centers
199
Q

phrenic nerve

A

controls diap
contracts w/ inhale
expands w/ exhale

200
Q

external intercostal action

A

supports chest wall
prevents collapse lungs
activated during inspiration

201
Q

internal intercostal action

A

activated during expiration

no activity in quiet breathing

202
Q

inspiration activity corresponds to

A

lung volume
contraction = inc V
relaxation= dec V

203
Q

phrenic and external intercostal v internal intercostal

A

have asycronous act

204
Q

chemoreceptor/ brain sensitivity

A

CO2

205
Q

peripheral chemorecep

A

more sensitive to O2

206
Q

inc respir rate

A

stim- inc of CO2 hypercapnia
medulla oblongota
inc oxygen intake

207
Q

carotid/ aortic bodies

A 
stimuli dec PO2, + Ph
inc CO2
if dec in PO2 stop breathing
     inc CO2 output
         breath faster get more O2
208
Q

stretch receptor

A

hering- breuer reflexes
protect alveoli
inflation/ deflation reflex

209
Q

inflation reflex

A

inc P lungs (explosion)

stim exhalation

210
Q

deflation reflex

A

dec P lungs (collapse)

stim inhalation

211
Q

irritant recep

A

detection debris/ gases from inhalation

212
Q

voluntary control

A

during swimming/ vocalization
bypass neural controls centers (medulla (DRG) pons PRG))
contact alter VRG at source

213
Q

boyles law

A

PV=nRT
inc P, dec V
dec P, inc V

214
Q

atmospheric p

A

air pushing down

760 mmHg/torr = 1atm

215
Q

intrapulmonary P

A

pressure inside lungs
AP> IP = volume inc= air in
AP

216
Q

intrapleural P

A 
P in pleural cavity
 gap btw visceral p and parietal p
creates surface tension
      sticks lungs to wall
lungs expand p dec
lungs compress p inc
217
Q

affecting factors of inspiration/ expiration

A

AP
adhesion lung to pleura
IPL P dec= Vol dec of alveoli
IPL P inc= volume inc of alveoli

218
Q

factors affecting pressure

A

elasticity of lungs

219
Q

factors w/ resistance

A 
dec diameter
    bronchoconstriction
        activated by PNS, histamine
inc diameter
     bronchodilation
         activated by SNS, epinephrine
pulmonary compliance
     surfactant dec tension
          prevents collapse alveoli bc water accumulation
220
Q

lungs expand- syringe ex

A

v inc
intrapul P inc
alveoli V inc (P dec)

221
Q

lungs compress- syringe ex

A

v dec
intrapul P inc
alveoli V dec (P inc)

222
Q

respiratory min vol

A

breaths/min(F) times tidal vol

223
Q

alveolar ventilation

A

VA= F (VT-VD)

224
Q

VD anatomic dead space

A

amnt air in tube system
anatomic (bronchioles/ upper resp tract) or physiologic
phys= no gas exchnge in alveoli

225
Q

tidal vol

A

amnt air in normal breathing

eupnea

226
Q

IRV inspiratory reserve vol

A

vol inhaled over VT w/ max effort

227
Q

hypernea

A

lrg lung vol

228
Q

expiratory reserve vol ERV

A

vol push out over VT w/ max effort

229
Q

residul vol

A

min air left after ERV and VT

stays in lungs bc IPleu P / surfactant keeping alveoli open

230
Q

total lung vol

A

TV+IRV+ERV+Vres

231
Q

inspiratory capacity

A

TV+IRV

232
Q

Vital capacity

A

VT+IRV+ERV

233
Q

functional residual capacity

A

Vres+ERV

234
Q

CO2 and O2 PP in water

A

pp in air = pp in solution
however, amnt of gas diss. depends on solubility of gas
Ex. CO2 diss more than O2
use hemoglobin as transporter

235
Q

henrys law

A

pp gas diss in solution = pp gas

amnt gas diss in solution depends on solubility

236
Q

part. p gradient

A 
btw gas in circ and gas in alveoli
short distance
high permib
  02 dissolves rapidly
dec elevation = faster loading
237
Q

ventilation-perfusion coupling (blood)

A

dec air flow= dec blood
dec air flow, dec o2 in blood vess, vasoconstriction, dec blood flow

inc air flow= inc blood
inc air flow, inc O2 blood vess, vasodilation, inc air flow

238
Q

ventilation-perfusion coupling (air)

A

dec blood flow= dec airflow
dec blood flow, dec CO2 in alvel, bronchi constrict, dec airflow

inc blood flow= inc airflow
inc blood flow, inc CO2 in alveoli, bronchi dilat, inc airflow

239
Q

blood oxygenation process

A

low O2 blood in, O2 down concen. gradient to recharge blood, CO2 flows out blood bc circ concen higher

240
Q

Low O2 to high O2 in alveoli

A

low O2 PP to high O2 PP
fast at start to make up for diff
greater change= greater O2 rate

241
Q

co2 in alveoli

A

follows PP gradient out of circ system to alveoli and ultimately respirated
systemic blood high in CO2
(blood from aorta and tissues)

242
Q

Inhalation cycle w/ PP values

A 
inhalation 160, 0
alveoli 100, 40
    bc of mixture w/ dead air
   veins, L ventricle, aorta
 tissues 40, 46
      favor O2 uptake in cells
      favor CO2 output from musc. cells to circ. system
lungs
   reoxyg
    40, 46
          to 100, 40 (start) + addition new air
243
Q

oxyhemoglobin

A

hemog + O2

hbO2

244
Q

CO2 transport

A

bicarb
diss. gas
hemogl

245
Q

bicarb. Co2 transport

A 
HCO3 into H and HCO3-
     HCO3 into circ system
          CO2 inc in tissues
               stops when HCO3 high
HCO3 to RBC and Cl into blood
246
Q

carbanimohemoglobin

A

CO2 + Hb = HbCO2

247
Q

CO2 diss. gas transport

A

into circ. along PP gradient

highly soluble

248
Q

gas exchange values btw tissue and circ system

unloading v loading

A

unloading
circ 100 to tissues 40
loading
tissues 46 to circ 40

249
Q

arterial blood o2 sat

A

PP 100

sat 98%

250
Q

venous blood o2 sat

A

PP 40

sat 75%

251
Q

oxyhemoglobin saturation curve

A

PP o2 independant var
Po2 inc, Hemog sat inc
shape change = affinity (stickiness) change
left = high aff. = rapid loading in lungs= dec o2 release
right = low aff= rapid unloading in tissues= inc o2 release
arteries higher Po2 than veins

252
Q

blood Po2 decreases

A

o2 released!

during metabolism

253
Q

CO2 and O2 in lungs

A 
unfavorable reaction (reverse)
if CO2 inc, O2 inc
254
Q

CO2 and O2 in blood

A

favorable (right)

if CO2 inc, O2 dec

255
Q

pH and sat % of hemoglobin

A

direct rel
inc Ph= inc aff.= dec o2 release= lungs
dec Ph= dec aff= inc O2 release = tissues

256
Q

Temp and sat % of hemoglobin

A

inverse rel
inc temp= dec aff= inc o2 rel
dec temp= inc aff= dec o2 rel

257
Q

temp and ph and hemog sat %

A

temp inc= aff dec= Ph dec

temp dec= aff inc= ph inc

258
Q

RBC metabolism

A 
2, 3 BPG
shift to right
made by rbc
    stim by low o2 levels
inc o2 loading (dec aff)
favors mvmnt O2 from circ. to tissues

A+P 211 (5 decks)

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