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A+P 211 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

blood functions

A

transport materials
temp. regulation
fluid/ solute regulation
hemeostasis

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2
Q

blood properties

A

8% body weight
4-6 L
5x thicker than H2O
pH 7.35-7.45

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3
Q

blood composition

A

plasma
cells
platelets

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4
Q

plasma

A

ground substance
92% water
dissolved proteins

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5
Q

plasma dissolved proteins

A 
albumins
     soluble and maintain osmot. pressure
     consume and transp. mater.
     60% (liver)
globulins
     35% (liver)
      transp. mater. and immunity
Fibrinogen
      4% (liver)
      solube and clot
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6
Q

plasma dissolved solutes

A 
electroly.
       used for cellular act. and osmotic pressure
       cations (Na+) and anions (Cl-)
gases
        co2, o2 and n2
nutrients
         aa, glucose and fats
wastes
        nitrogenous products
hormones
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7
Q

RBC

A

erythrocytes

99% of blood

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8
Q

RBC function and structure

A

biconcave+ flexible

transport CO2 and O2

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9
Q

carbonic anhydrase

A

catalyzes rxn btw CO2 and H2O

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10
Q

hemoglobin

A

binds to CO2 and O2
gives blood red color
found in cytoplasm!

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11
Q

RBC development

A

hemopoietic or marrow tissue
hemopoietic stem cells
CFU colony forming by erythropoetin
(triggered by low O2 levels)

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12
Q

causes of low O2 levels

A

anemia, blood loss, respir. damage, high altitude, exercise

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13
Q

RBC destruction

A

120 day lifespan

3 mil. produced and destroyed per second

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14
Q

hemolysis

A

cell mem. leaks
alters macrophages
phagocytized in liver and spleen

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15
Q

hemolysis globin and heme

A

heme- iron + biliverdin
excreted
globin- aa proteins

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16
Q

WBC

A

leukocytes
remain in CT tissue
4-10,000 WBC/ mm3
defense

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17
Q

Diapedisis

A

wbc transporting from blood to tissue

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18
Q

chemotaxis

A

wbc in blood following chem. concen. gradient

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19
Q

WBC by %

A

neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils

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20
Q

WBC development

A

bone marrow
myloid or lymphoid stem cells
CSF colony stim. factor
(hormone regulated)

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21
Q

myloid stem cells

A

monocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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22
Q

lymphoid stem cells

A

lymphocytes

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23
Q

platlets

A

plug wounds
dev from megakaryocytes
10 day lifespan
release chem signals to o/ cells to clot

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24
Q

hemostasis

A

vascular phase
platelet phase
coagulation phase
*all triggered by exposure to collagen

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25
Q

vascular phase

A

dec. diam. of sm muscle in arteries

dec blood flow

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26
Q

platlet phase

A

chem sig. relases Thromboxane A2
inc. epithelium adhesiveness
attracts more platelets

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27
Q

coagulation phase

A

formation of blood clot
extrinsic and intrinsic pathway
ends in fibrin formation (net) from fibrinogen

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28
Q

coagulation phase- extrinsic path

A

triggered- outside chem. signals

damaged epithel.

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29
Q

coagulation phase- intrinsic path

A

triggered- exposure collagen

activates proenzymes and clotting

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30
Q

pericardium

A

outermost layer

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31
Q

myocardium

A

middle layer (thick)

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32
Q

endocardium

A

inner most layer lines heart

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33
Q

myocardium structure

A

fibers connected by intercalated discs
cells connected by gap junctions
voltage NOT cross cell mem.

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34
Q

atrioventricular valves

A

tricuspid and bicuspid

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35
Q

semilunar valves

A

pulmonary semilun

aortic semilun

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36
Q

pulmonary circuit (start + stop)

A

pulm. artieries

pulm. veins

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37
Q

systemic circuit (start + stop)

A

aorta

infer. and super. vena cava

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38
Q

cardiac muscle metabolism

A

aerobic (need O2)
get energy from fatty acids
create ATP

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39
Q

cardiac muscle mitochondria

A

excess amount of mitochon.

slow twitch = slow to fatigue

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40
Q

conducting cells

A

“officers”
maintain own rhythmn (autorhythmicity)
not maintain RMP

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41
Q

Resting Membrane Potential (RMP)

A

3 Na out 2K in

Repolarization
k leaves to area lower conc.
 cell becomes more -
     inhibits k movement
reach equilibr. of -90
Depolarization
Na enters along conc. gradient
  cell becomes less -
     inhibits Na mvmnt
reach equilib. +50
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42
Q

conc. of Na and K

A

K conc. greater inside

Na conc. greater outside

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43
Q

conducting cells MP

A 
slow Na 
   MP less -
fast Ca
     @ thresh. MP +
K leaks along conc. gradient
     make cell - (repolar)
         triggers Na in
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44
Q

contractile cells

A

more abundant
do all work
stimulated by conducting cells

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45
Q

contractile cell MP

A 
Na fast
      rapid depolar (more +)
Ca slow
      "Plateau"- prolonged contraction
 K leaks along conc. gradient
      make cell - (repolar)
            triggers Na in
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46
Q

refractory period

A

period where cannot be stimulated

prevent defibrilation

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47
Q

cardiac electrophysiology fun

A

measures mvmnt ions

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48
Q

SA node

A

where ion mvmnt beings
“pacemaker”
in top R atrium
fastest beating part of heart

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49
Q

AV node

A 
inferior to SA
btw atria and ventricle on R
delay ven contraction
    (give time blood to leave atrias)
bpm dependant on fill time
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50
Q

AV bundle

A

wave goes down interven. septum

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51
Q

Purkinje fibers

A

on floor of vent.

send ions up and to side of heart

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52
Q

heart contraction origin and direction

A

starts at bottom and works way up

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53
Q

flow of ions from SA

A

SA
AV
Ventricles + Apex (AV bundle + Purkinje)

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54
Q

EKG

A

electrocardiogram

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55
Q

Normal sinus rhythmn

A

P wave
QRS complex
T wave

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56
Q

P wave

A

atrial depolarization

atrias contract and move blood to ven.

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57
Q

QRS complex

A

atrial repolar.
ventricle depolar.
(spike is bigger bc more musc.= more cells)`

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58
Q

T wave

A

ventricle repolarization

K+ leaves cell

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59
Q

EKG and pulse measurement

A

can count boxes btw P waves

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60
Q

EKG condition detection

A

look at amplitude, intervals and patterns

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61
Q

bradycardia

A

delayed beat

flat line between each interval

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62
Q

systole

A

contraction

blood ejection

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63
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

flling

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64
Q

phases of heart cycle 1-4

A

ventricl. filling
isovol. contraction
ventric. ejection
isovol. relaxation

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65
Q

ventricular filling
av open/closed
low or high p

A 
av open
pressure atrium> ventricle
venous return (passive)
low P
atrias contract
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66
Q

end diastolic volume (EDV)

A

EDV
amount of blood after filling
max volume
longer fill = greater EDV

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67
Q

isovolumetric contraction

A

av closed
pressure ven> atria (blood can’t go back)
pressure ven< arteries (blood can’t go out)
inc ventricle pressure to threshold

68
Q

ventricular ejection

A

ven. pressure past threshold
sl open
pressure ven> pressure arteries
max ven. pressure

69
Q

end systolic volume (ESV)

A

ESV

min amount of blood

70
Q

isovolumentric relaxation

A

sl closed
pressure dec in ven.
ven pressure< arteries (blood can’t go out)
atria pressure < ven (blood can’t go back)

71
Q

s1 heart sound

A

lub
closing av valves
tricuspid and bicuspid
lower sound

72
Q

s2 heart sound

A

dub
higher sound
closing semilunar valves
aortic and pulmonary

73
Q

cardiac output

A

SVxHR

control flow of blood from heart

74
Q

heart rate factors

A

chronotropic effects
Autonomic system and hormones
(PSNS + SNS)

75
Q

stroke volume factors

A

preload
afterload
contracility

76
Q

PSNS threshold

A

relaxes heart
cardioinhibitory center
Na threshold higher
hyperpolarized

77
Q

SNS threshold

A

stimulates heart
cardioaccelatory center
Na threshold lower
reduced repolarization

78
Q

PSNS hormones

A 
ach binds to muscarinic
   inc K+ perm.
   dec Ca perm.
          hyperpol.
Na threshold higher
79
Q

SNS hormones

A 
noeprine. binds beta receptors
  inc conc. cAMP in cell
    inc Ca influx
        depolarize (inside less -)
Na threshold lower
80
Q

epineph and norepineph

A 
inc heart rate
SNS
bind beta receptor
 inc cAMP in cell
     inc. Ca perm.
           depolarized
SA node frequency inc.
myocardial conduction inc. 
    (time takes stim to travel thru cells in heart)
81
Q

ejection fraction

A

SV / EDV x100

82
Q

cardiac output (CO)

A

SV x HR

83
Q

stroke volume

A

EDV-ESV

84
Q

preload

A

blood from venous return and atrial contrac.

EDV inc= preload inc= SV inc

85
Q

starlings law

A

inc blood = inc stretching = inc. contraction
“optimum length-tension relation”
mre blood = greater contractility

86
Q

ventricular contrac. (agent)

A

inotropic agent

alters strength

87
Q

ven. contac. factors

A

ANS- SNS + PSNS

hormones

88
Q

inc SNS

A

higher SV

89
Q

dec SNS

A

lower SV

90
Q

afterload

A

aortic pressure
overcome to eject blood
afterload inc. = SV dec.
smaller ESV = smaller SV

91
Q

relation btw EDV and SV

A

EDV inc = SV inc

EDV dec = SV dec

92
Q

relation btw ESV and SV

A

ESV inc = SV dec

ESV dec = SV inc

93
Q

relation btw VR and EDV

A

VR inc = EDV inc

Vr dec = EDV dec

94
Q

relation btw contacili. and ESV

A

con. inc = ESV dec

con. dec = ESV inc

95
Q

vasculature histology

A 
tunica interna
   CT and endothelial
tunica media
   CT, SM CT and elastic
tunica externa
    CT only
96
Q

Difference btw artery and vein

A 
vein larger lumen
artery more muscular (thicker tunica media)
vein thinner walls
arterys more elastic
veins have valves
97
Q

blood distribution in %

A 
systemic circuit overall 84%
   arteries 15%
   veins 64%
pulmonary circuit 9%
heart 5%
systemic> pulmonary 
veins> arteries
98
Q

artery types

A

elastic
distributing
resistance

99
Q

elastic arterys

A 
press. reservoir
keep pressure from heart constant
largest of vessels
fun- transport lrg quantity of blood
   absorb pressure changes
100
Q

pulse

A

measure of force put on arteries and force exerted back

101
Q

distributing arteries (muscular)

A

smaller diameter
Ex. brachial and femoral
fun- local perfusion

102
Q 
resistance artery (arterioles)
dialationv constriction
A

local control blood flow into cap. beds
influence periph. reistance of vasculature
dilation- res down, volume up, inc. of blood
constriction- dec. blood, volume down, res up

103
Q

arterial sense organs

- carotid and aortic sinus

A

baroreceptors
changes in pressure
aortic (body)
carotid (internal)

104
Q

arterial sense organs

-carotid and aortic bodies

A

chemoreceptors
pH, CO, and O2
aortic (body)
carotid (external)

105
Q

capillaries

A

material exchange CO and O2
endothelial tube
form capillary beds (networks)

106
Q

anastomosis

A

bypass capillares

107
Q

precapillary sphincter

A

gateway to cap beds

local and intrinsic effects

108
Q

continuous cap

A

most common*

diffusion H2O, solutes and lipid-sol substances

109
Q

fenestrated cap

A 
"window"
small
move mat. in bulk
hormones, nutri. and waste
perforated walls
110
Q

sinusoids

A

technically kind of cap
large!
made of liver and spleen marrow

111
Q

veins

A

low pressure, high volume
distensible (compliant)
valves (SMP)

112
Q

vein func. prevent blood loss

A

transfer blood to arteries

vasoconstriction

113
Q

pie and pieces of pie analogy

A

size pie- cardiac output
size of pieces distributed- vessels
determined by resistance

114
Q

relationship btw flow and reistance

A

if res inc. flow dec

(faucet)

115
Q

relationship btw flow and pressure

A

if press. inc. flow inc.

(hand pump)

116
Q

flow equation

A

change in pressure / resistance
pressure= heart
resistance= vessels

117
Q

inc pressure factors

A

heart pumps faster

inc. CO build up

118
Q

factors in resistance

A 
diameter of vessel
 VD inc = R dec
length of vessel
 VD inc= R inc
turbulence of vessel
 T inc= R inc
blood viscosity
BV inc= R inc
119
Q

vessel diameter graph

A

aorta high
capillaries low
vena cava high

120
Q

cross sectional area graph

A

aorta low
capillaries high
vena cava low

121
Q

blood velocity graph

A

aorta high
capillaries low
vena cava medium

122
Q

blood pressure graph

A

aorta high
capillaries low
vena cava lower

123
Q

systolic pressure

A

ven. contraciton

124
Q

diastolic pressure

A

ven. relaxation

measure amnt blood in arterial system

125
Q

pulse pressure

A

added to heart

SP-DP

126
Q

mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

DP+PP/2 or SP+ (DP*2)/3

127
Q

pressure in systemic v pulmonary

A

systemic > pulmonary

systemic longer = mre resistance

128
Q

response high CO in exercise

A

vasodil. of precap sphinc
dec resistan. - inc. blood flow
local vasodila. - dec blood P

129
Q

baroreflex path to brain

A 
detect change blood P
sensor- sinus
info to medulla
carotid- glossopha.
aortic- vagus
130
Q

chemoreflex path to brain

A 
detect change blood pH, CO and O2
sensor- bodies
info to medulla
carotid- glossopha.
aortic- vagus
131
Q

medullary ischemic reflex

A

stim- changes cerebral spinal fluid

sensor- medull. chemorecp.

132
Q

Low BP feedback loop

A

barorecp. inhibited
cardioaccel. stimulated
cardioinhibi inhibit
vasomotor stimulated (opposite)
vasoconstric

133
Q

high BP feedback loop

A 
barorecp. stimulated
cardioinhibitory stim.
cardioacc. inhibit
vasomotor inhibit (opposite)
      vasodilation
134
Q

rapid horm. response

A

changes cardiac output
vasoconstric.
epine. and norepineph.

135
Q

medium horm. response

A

inc. blood vol
vasoconstric
angiotension

136
Q

long term horm. response

A

lose blood vol.
aldosterone
naturietic peptides

137
Q

light exercise

A

vasodil. to skel. musc.
inc. venous return (respir. pump)
inc. cardiac output
inc. CO
inc. chemorecp.
dec blood vessels

138
Q

heavy exercise

A

inc c. output
inc CO
majority of blood to skel. muscles

139
Q

capillary exchange

A

simple diff.

lipid soluble

140
Q

transcytosis

A

transp. proteins across cell mem

141
Q

hydrostat P> osmotic P

A

mvmnt fluid out!
arterioles
“filtration”

142
Q

hydrostat P< Osmotic P

A

mvmnt fluid in!
venules
“reabsorption”

143
Q

Net filtration P (NFP)

A

capillary hydrostat. P (CHP) -

blood colloid osmotic P (BCOP) =

144
Q

NFP in arterioles

A

CHP >
BCOP high
net flow out- filtration

145
Q

NFP in middle of exchange

A

CHP= BCOP

net flow NA

146
Q

NFP in venules

A

CHP< BCOP
net flow in
“absorption”

147
Q

tools for venous return

A

gravity
pressure gradient by heart
skeletal muscle pump
respir. pump

148
Q

skel. musc. pump

A

musc. contracts and inc p in veins

valves keep blood frm going back

149
Q

respir. pump

A

dec p vena cava (thoracic expansion)
such more blood in
most active when breathe deeply
inc EDV

150
Q

circ. shock causes

A

tissues not getting enough blood

151
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

inadeq. pumping ability

152
Q

low venous return causes

A

hypovolu. shock (low blood volume)
obstructed ven. return (physcial blockage)
venous pooling

153
Q

septic shock

A

bac. infection

endotoxin dial. blood vessels

154
Q

anaphylactic shock

A

widespread degranulat. of histamine
blood p dec
heart rate inc

155
Q

shock responses

A 
compensated shock
   homeostasis returned
decompensated shock
   venous return dec
    cardiac output dec
   blood p dec
   FATAL
156
Q

lymph

A

interstit. fluid
circulation to lymph cap.
move materials
(blood of lymphatic system)

157
Q

lymph. vessels

A

closed systems (culdesacs)
“lymphatic cap”
valves

158
Q

ducts of lymphatic system

A

thoracic duct

R lympha. duct

159
Q

lymph. cells

A

lymphocytes
long living 20 yrs
T,B, natural killers

160
Q

lymph cells- antigen presenting

A 
macrophages
    eat+ display bad proteins on mem
dendritic
    found in epidermis
reticular 
    lymph structure
161
Q

lymphopoiesis

A

b and nk
frm bone marrow
t
from thymus

162
Q

lymph. tissues

A

lymph nodules
MALT (mucosa assoc.)
internal epithelia
tonsils

163
Q

lymph. organs

A 
lymph nodes 
     filter blood
     stim. imm. system
thymus
     dec. in size w/ age
      control T cell maturation
           "thymosins"
spleen
      remove damaged blood cells
      store iron/ blood
       imm. response
164
Q

lymph. fluid homeostasis

A

fluid captured from circulation system + not reabsorbed
put back in circ. system
lymphocyte circulation

165
Q

lymph. lipid absorption

A

lacteal carries fat mol.

dumped into circul. system

A+P 211 (5 decks)

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