Exam 2 Flashcards
Motivation is a derivation from the latin word ___
Movere
Difference between being “Outwardly Engaged” and “Inwardly Engaged” in your work
Outwardly Engaged
- take initiative
- work hard to complete assignments
Inwardly Engaged
-focus a lot on the work itself
Definition of the Expectancy Theory
Belief that high effort will result in a successful outcome
Explain the “Self-Efficacy” aspect of Expectancy Theory. What are the 4 components of it?
- strongest factor of Expectancy Theory
- your belief that you are capable of accomplishing the task
Your belief that you are capable determined by 4 things:
- emotional cues
- vicarious experiences
- verbal persuasion
- past accomplishments
Instrumentality aspect of Expectancy Theory? What are 2 situations where Instrumentality can be low?
Belief that successful performance will result in Successful Outcomes
Instrumentality can be low if:
- company has poor methods for measuring performance
- company rewards things other performance such as seniority or by attendance
Valence aspect of Expectancy Theory?
How satisfied you are with the Outcomes your level of Performance got you
-higher valence if the outcome satisfied a “Need” (Maslow’s Hierarchy)
In regard to Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation, what are some Extrinsic Outcomes and Intrinsic Outcomes that motivate an employee?
Extrinsic
- pay
- bonuses
- promotions
- praise
- job security
Intrinsic
- enjoyment
- knowledge gain
- skill development
- lack of boredom, anxiety, frustration
What are the 3 parts of Expectancy Theory?
- Valence
- Instrumentality
- Self-efficacy
According to Goal Setting Theory, why is setting “Specific and Difficult” goals for their employees good?
- shapes their own self-set goals
- triggers creation of Task Strategies
What are the 3 Moderators that determine if a goal is good?
- Feedback
- Goal Commitment
- Task Complexity
What are S.M.A.R.T. goals?
Way to structure effective goals
- Specific
- Measurable
- Achievable
- Results-Based
- Time-Sensitive
What is the Equity Theory (Goals)
- says motivation doesn’t just depend on your own beliefs
- depends on what happens to others
- mental ledger
-employees compare their ratio (input/outcome) to other employee’s ratio
According to the Equity Theory, any perceived imbalance in the input/output ratio creates a ___
Equity Distress
Cognitive Distortion - Equity Theory
When employees “rationalize” in their head why they got paid more for doing less work
*their input/outcome ratio was higher
Psychological Empowerment
belief that your work tasks contribute to some larger purpose
- Meaningfulness
- Self-Determination
- Competence
- Impact (making a difference within your company)
What are the 1st and 2nd best Motivating forces as they relate to job performance
Self-Efficacy (first) Difficult Goals (second)
Perceived quality of goods and services of a brand in the eyes of the public
Reputation
What are the 3 things that make up a Brand’s Reputation?
Trust
-willingness to be vulnerable to the trustee
Justice
-perceived fairness of authority’s decision making
Ethics
-degree of which authority figures behaviors are in accordance with social norms
What is Trust Propensity and which country is the lowest?
Brazil
Is the tendency to trust others
Disposition-based Trust
Cognition-based Trust
Affect-based Trust
Disposition-based Trust
-trust depends on the trustor
-trust propensity
Ex: Not trusting the Professor first day of class
Cognition-based Trust
-based on the trustee
Ex: Professor shows integrity through their actions so you trust them
Affect-based Trust
- emotional
- you trust your girlfriend
Where does trust propensity come from
- childhood
- culture
- experiences
For Cognition-based Trust, what do we assess? What are 3 things used to assess it?
We assess their Trustworthiness (characteristics/attributes of trustee that inspire trust)
3 parts of Trustworthiness:
Ability
-skills/competencies/expertise that enable an authority figure to be successful
Benevolence
-genuine belief that the authority figure wants to “do good” for you
Integrity
Distributive Justice vs Procedural Justice?
Distributive Justice
-all students got same grade on group project
Procedural Justice
- perceived fairness in decision making progress
- boss graded his employees all the SAME WAY to decide whether or not they received a promotion
What are the 3 rules of Procedural Justice?
Voice
-employees can voice opinions/views throughout decision making process
Correctability
-option to appeal
Consistency, Bias Suppression, Representativeness, Accuracy
What is a stronger driver of reactions? Distributive Justice or Procedural Justice?
Procedural Justice
*Procedural Justice becomes more important when Outcomes are bad
Interpersonal Justice? What are the 2 parts of it?
Perceived fairness of how employers treat them
Respect Rule
-employers treat employees in sincere manner
Propriety Rule
-employers should refrain from making improper or offensive remarks
If Interpersonal Justice is not well within an organization, ___ may be present
Abusive Supervision
-sustained hostile, offensive, verbal behavior by authority figure
Informational Justice? What are the 2 parts of it?
Perceived fairness of the communications provided to the employees by the employers
Justification Rule
-explain decision-making procedures/outcomes in reasonable and understandable manner
Truthfulness Rule
-communications must be honest and candid
When an employer recognizes that moral issues exist in a situation
Moral Awareness
Explain the Moral Intensity and Moral Attentiveness components of Moral Awareness
Moral Intensity
- degree of which a situation has ethical urgency
- how important it is as it relates to ethics
Moral Attentiveness
-degree of which how often people are thinking about ethics during the situation
What is the “Four-Component Model”? What are the parts of it?
Explains why some people act unethically and some don’t
Moral Awareness
-do you know that ethical dilemmas exist in the situation
Moral Judgement
- decide whether or not your decision is ethical or not
- Cognitive Moral Development theory says as people age, their Moral Judgement matures
Moral Intent
-degree of which that you “want” to make the ethical choice
What does the Cognitive Moral Development Theory Say?
Says that people’s Moral Judgement improves as they get older
Pre-conventional Stage (early life)
-decide if action is ethical based on outcomes
Conventional Stage (later life) -decide if action is ethical based on society and family's expectations
Post Conventional Stage (Philosophers)
-decide if action is ethical based on their own established moral principles
What is Moral Intent and what is 1 part of it?
Moral Intent
-degree of which that you want to make the ethical decision
Moral-Identity
-how much someone identifies with being a moral person
Ethical Behavior
Trust has a ___ relationship with job performance and a ___ relationship with Organizational Commitment
Moderate relationship w/job performance
Strong Relationship w/organization commitment
Explain the Obstructionist Stance, Defensive Stance, Accommodative Stance, and Proactive Stance with Corporate Social Responsibility ?
Obstructionist Stance
-do as little as possible to save social/environment
Defensive Stance
-do only what is legally required and nothing more (don’t care about ethical obligations)
Accommodative Stance
-meet legal/ethical obligations and go beyond that is some cases
Proactive Stance
-proactively seek opportunities to benefit society
EX: Patagonia
Difference between Explicit Knowledge and Tacit Knowledge?
Explicit Knowledge
-what you learn in a book
Tacit Knowledge
-learned through experience
Explain what Operant Conditioning is
we learn from our “voluntary behavior” and the consequences that follow it
What are two methods that are used to INCREASE desired behaviors?
Positive Reinforcement
-introduce positive outcome following a desired behavior
Negative Reinforcement
-removed undesirable outcome following a desired behavior
What are two methods that are used to DECREASE undesired behaviors?
Punishment
-introduce undesirable outcome following a undesirable behavior
Extinctions
-remove desirable outcome following an undesirable behavior
EX: not responding when somebody is saying something bad
What type of Reinforcement was used in the Big Bang Theory movie clip?
Positive Reinforcement
-fed chocolate to girl after she was quiet
Explain Continuous Reinforcement, Fixed Interval Schedule, Fixed Ratio Schedule, Variable Ratio Schedule
Continuous Reinforcement
-reward comes after EVERY desired behavior
EX: Professor’s nurses telling her good job while she was pregnant
Fixed Interval Schedule
-length of time between rewards remains the same
EX: receiving a paycheck every Friday
Fixed Ratio Schedule
-reward comes after certain number of desirable behaviors have been exhibited
Variable Ratio Schedule
-reward comes after certain number of desirable behaviors have been exhibited BUT the # of desirable behaviors changes
-most addictive
EX: Slot Machine Gambling
Difference between Social Learning Theory and Behavior Modeling Theory?
Social Learning Theory
-people learn in organizations through watching others
Behavioral Modeling Theory
-people watch other’s behavior, repeat the behavior and learn that way
Explain these types of Goal Orientation:
Learning Orientation
Performance-prove Orientation
Performance-avoid Orientation
Learning Orientation
- building competence is more important than proving it
- view failure as a positive
Performance-prove Orientation
-focus on demonstrating competence so others will favor them
Performance-avoid Orientation
- focus on demonstrating competence so others will not think poorly of them
- competence is the standard
When are intuition decisions most important?
During Crisis Situations
What are Programmed Decisions?
Automatic Decisions made when a person recognizes the situation and knows what needs to be down
- without much thought at all
- intuition
What are Non-Programmed Decisions?
Decisions that have to be made in new/complex situations
-make more of these as you move up Corporate Ladder
Rational Decisions-Making Model?
- step-by-step approach
- analyze all alternatives before making decision
- seek to MAXIMIZE outcome
Explain these 2 Decision making problems:
Limited Information
Faulty Perceptions
Limited Information
- Bounded Rationality
- decision maker doesn’t have the ability/resources to process ALL available information to make the right decision
- Satisficing
- decision maker accepts first acceptable alternative considered
FAULTY PERCEPTIONS
Projection Bias
-incorrectly assuming that others think/feel the same way you do
Selective Perception
-only seeing environment on how it affects you, only seeing what you want to see
Stereotyping
-make assumptions about someone because their membership in a group
Social Identity Theory
-identifying yourself as belonging to a group, and categorizing others into a group
True or False: Making decisions with Heuristics leads to more good situations than bad ones
TRUE
Explain the Availability Bias - Heuristic
Basing your judgments on information that is “easiest to recall”
Fundamental Attribution Error
-attribute other’s poor actions due to some internal factor
EX: Joe showed up to work late because he is lazy
Self-Serving Bias
- attributing your failures to external factors
- attributing your successes to internal factors
EX: I got the promotion because I am smart and capable. I was late to work because the traffic was bad.
Explain the Attribution Process:
Consensus
Distinctiveness
Consistency
Attribution Process
-this is used when we have some familiarity with the person committing the bad action
Consensus (“Do others act the same in similar situations?”)
- low –> internal factors
- high –> External factors
Distinctiveness (“Does this person act different in other situations? Is this type of behavior out of character?”)
- low –> internal factors
- high –> External factors
Consistency (“Does the person ALWAYS act this way in this type of situation?”)
- low –> External factors
- high –> Internal factors
Escalation Commitment
continuing to follow the same course of action after you have already failed with this method
*When presented with a series of possible courses of actions, humans have a tendency to choose the one they have failed with before
Learning has a ___ relationship with Task Performance
Moderate
Learning has a ___ relationship with Organizational Commitment
Weak
Having a higher level of job knowledge has what effect on your emotional attachment to the firm?
Slightly increases your emotional attachment to the firm
Which are Challenge Stressors, and which are Hindrance Stressors?
Role Conflict Role Ambiguity Time Pressure Role Overload Work Complexity Daily Hassles Work Responsibility
Hindrance Stressors Role Conflict Role Ambiguity Role Overload Daily Hassles
Challenge Stessors
Time Pressure
Work Complexity
Work Responsibility
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Alarm Reaction
Resistance
Exhaustion
