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Developmental Psych > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

A not B theory

A

Exp where babies track an object under blankets and pick the same blanket as the first time even though they saw it on the other one

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2
Q

Accomodation

A

Process by which people adapt current knowledge structures in response to new experiences

Ex zebras are horse

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3
Q

Assimilation

A

The process by which people translate incoming information into a form that fits concepts you already understand

Man w afro = clown

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4
Q

Autobiographical Memories

A

When you remember things only from your point of view

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5
Q

Basic processes

A

Simplest and most frequently used mental processes

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6
Q

Centration

A

The tendency to focus on a single perceptually striking feature lf an object or event

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7
Q

Computer simulation

A

Type of math model that expresses ideas about mental processes in precise ways

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8
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

7-12

Children become able to reason logically about concrete object and events

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9
Q

Conservation concept

A

The jdea that changes the appearance of objects does not necessarily change the objects other key properties

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10
Q

Comstructivism

A

The theory that infants build increasingly advanced understanding by combining innate knowledge with subsequent experiences

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11
Q

Core knowledge theories

A

Approach that views children as having innate knowledge of domain specific learning mechanisms doe rapidly and effortlessly understanding domains

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12
Q

Cultural tools

A

The innumerable products of humans ingenuity that enhance thinking

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13
Q

Deferred imitation

A

The repetition of other peoples behavior a substantial time after it originally occured

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14
Q

Domain specific

A

Information about a particular content area

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15
Q

Dynamic system theories

A

A class of theories that focus on how change occurs over time in complex systems

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16
Q

Egocentrism

A

The tendency to perceive the word solely from ones own point of view

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17
Q

Encoding

A

The process of representing in memory information that draws attention or is considered important

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18
Q

Equilibration

A

The process by which children balance assimilation and accommodation to create stable understanding

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19
Q

Formal operational stage

A

12+

People become able to think about abstractions and hypothetical situations

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20
Q

Guided participation

A

A process in which more knowledgable individuals organize activities in ways that allow knowledgable people to learn

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21
Q

Information processing theories

A

A class of theories that focus on the structure of the cognitive system and the mental activities used to deploy attention and memory to solve problems

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22
Q

Intersubjevtivity

A

The mutual understanding that people share during communication

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23
Q

Joint attention

A

A process in which social partners intentionally focus on a common referenf in the external environment

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24
Q

Long term memory

A

Information retained on an enduring basis

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25
Q

Nativism

A

The theory that infants have substantial innate knowledge of evolutionary important domains

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26
Q

Object permanance

A

The knowledge that objects continue to sxist even when they are out of view

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27
Q

Overlapping waves theory

A

An information processing approach that emphasizes the variability of children’s thinking

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28
Q

Piaget’s Theory

A 
Cognitive development of 4 stages
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operations
Formal operational stages
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29
Q

Preoperational stage

A

Piagets theory in which children become able to represent their experience in language, mental imagery, and symbolic thought

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30
Q

Sensorimotor stage

A

Birth - 2 piagets theory

Intelligence is expressed through sensory and motor abilities

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31
Q

Concrete operational stage

A

Piaget 7-12

Children become able to reason logically about concrete objects and events

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32
Q

Formal operational stage

A

Piaget 12+

People become able to think about abstractions and hypothetical situations

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33
Q

Private Speech

A

The second phase in which children develop self regulation and problem solving abilities by telling themselves aloud what to do

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34
Q

Problem solving

A

The process of attaining a goal by using a strategy to overcome an obstacle

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35
Q

Rehersal

A

The process of repeating information multiple times to aid memory of it

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36
Q

Selective attention

A

The process of intentionally focusing on the information that is most relevant to the current goal

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37
Q

Social scaffolding

A

A process in which more competent people provide a temporary framework that supports children thinking at a hugher level than children could manage on their own

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38
Q

Symbolic representation

A

The use of one object to stand for another

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39
Q

Task analysis

A

The research technique of identifying goals relevant information in the enviro and potential processing strategies for a. Problem

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40
Q

Working memory

A

Memory system that involved actively attending to gathering maintaining storing and processing information

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41
Q

Active learning

A

Learning by acting on the world rather than passively observing objects and events

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42
Q

Affordances

A

The posibilities for action offered by objects or situations

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43
Q

Auditory localization

A

Perception of the location in space of a sound source

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44
Q

Binocular disparity

A

The difference between the retinal image of an object in each eye that results in two slightly different signals being sent to the brain

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45
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A form of learning that consists of associating an initially neutral stimulus that always evokes a particular reflexive response

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46
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

Neutral stimulus that is repeatedly paired with the unconditioned stimulus

Bell

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47
Q

Conditioned response

A

Originally reflexive response that comes to be elicted by the conditioned stimulus

Salvation

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48
Q

Cones

A

Light sensitive neurons that are highly concentrated in the fovea (center of the retina)

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49
Q

Contrast sensitivity

A

The ability to detect differences in light and dark areas in a visual pattern

50
Q

Differentiation

A

Extracting from the constantly changing stimulation and events in the environment the relation of those elements that are constant or stable

51
Q

Operational (instrumental) conditioning

A

Learning the relation between ones own behavior and the consequences that results from it

52
Q

Intermodal perception

A

The combining of jnformation from two or more sensory systems

53
Q

Monocular depth cues

A

The perceptual curs of depth that can perceived by one eye alone

54
Q

Object segregation

A

The identification of separate objects in a visual array

55
Q

Optical expansion

A

A depth cue in which an object occludes increasingly more of the background indicating that the object is approaching

56
Q

Perception

A

The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information

57
Q

Perceptual constancy

A

The perception of objects as being of constant in spite of physical differences in the retinal image of the object

58
Q

Perceptual narrowing

A

Developmental changes in which experience fine tunes the perceptual system

59
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

A reward that reliably follows a behavior and increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

60
Q

Preferential looking technique

A

A method for studying visual attention in infants that involves showing idants two patterns or two objects at a time to see if the infants have a preference for one over the other

61
Q

Pre reaching movements

A

Clumsy swiping movement by young infants toward the general vicinity of objects they see

62
Q

Rational learning

A

The ability to use prior experiences to predict what will occur in the future

63
Q

Reflexes

A

Innate fixed patterns of action that occur in response to particular stimulation

64
Q

Scale error

A

The attempt by a young child to perform an action on a miniature object that is impossible due to the large discrepancy in the relative sizes of the child and the object
Big vs tiny room

65
Q

Self locomotion

A

The ability to move oneself around in the environment

66
Q

Sensation

A

The processing of basic information from the external world by the sensory receptors in the sense organs and brain

67
Q

Stepping reflex

A

Stepping when placed standing or in a thb

68
Q

Steropsis

A

The process by which the visual cortex combines the differing neural signals caused by binocular disparity resulting in the perception of death

69
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

A stimulus that evokes a reflexive response

70
Q

Unconditioned response

A

A reflexive response that is elicted by the unconditioned stimulus

71
Q

Violation of expectancy

A

Studying infant cognition in which infants are shown an event that should evoke surprise or interest if it violates something the infant knows or assumes to be true

Bridge passing box

72
Q

Visual acuity

A

The sharpness of visual discrimination

73
Q

Babbling

A

Repetitive consonant vowel sequence or hand movement

74
Q

Bilingualism

A

The ability to use two languages

75
Q

Categorical perception

A

The perception of speech sound as belonging to discrete categories

76
Q

Collective monologues

A

Conversation between children that involves a series of non sequiturs
Two kids talking to themselves at the same time

77
Q

Comprehension

A

Understanding what others say on language

78
Q

Connectionism

A

A type of information processing approach that emphasizes the simultaneous activity of numerous interconnected processing units

79
Q

Critical period for language

A

The time during which language develops

Must be by age 5

80
Q

Distributional properties

A

The phenomenon that in any language certain sounds are more likely to appear together than other

81
Q

Dual representation

A

The idea that a symbolic artifact must be represented mentally in two way ld at the same time as a real object and as a symbol for something other than itself

82
Q

Fast mapping

A

The process of rapidly learning a new word simply from hearing the contrastive use of a familiar and the u familiar word

83
Q

Generativity

A

The use of a finite set of words and morphemes in humans’ vocab we can put together an infinite number of sentences and express an infinite number of ideas and sentences

84
Q

Holophrastic period

A

Expressing ideas in one word sentences

85
Q

Infant directed speech (IDS)

A

Speech when adult talks to babies

86
Q

Morphemes

A

The smallest unit of meaning in a language

Ine word phonemes

87
Q

Narratives

A

Telling a story of past events in first person

88
Q

Overextension

A

Using a word in places that it doesnt apply (to broad)

89
Q

Overregularization

A

Speech errors by treating irregular forms of gram as if they were regular
Ex run - ranned

90
Q

Phonemes

A

Elementary units of meaningful sounds in language (one syllable)

91
Q

Phonological developmentq

A

The acquisition of knowledge about the sound of a language

92
Q

Pragmatic cues

A

Using social context to learn new vocab

93
Q

Pragmatic development

A

Acquisition of knowledge of how language is used

94
Q

Production

A

Speaking or writing to others

95
Q

Prosody

A

Characteristics of which language is spoken

96
Q

Reference

A

Associating of words to meaning

97
Q

Semantic development

A

The learning of expressing meaning in a language

98
Q

Symbols

A

Systems for representing our thoughts feelings and knowledge and communicating them to other people

99
Q

Syntatic development

A

Learning syntax

100
Q

Syntactic bootstrapping

A

Using grammar to figure out meaning

101
Q

Syntax

A

Rules of how words can be applied in language

102
Q

Telegraphic speech

A

Expressing ideas in two word phrases

103
Q

Universal Grammar

A

Set of unconscious rules that are common to all languages

104
Q

Voice onset time (VOT)

A

Length of time from air passing through the lips from the vocal cords

105
Q

Word segmentstion

A

Process of discovering where words begin and end in fluent speech

106
Q

Superordinate level

A

General level

Ex calling a cat an animal

107
Q

Subordinate level

A

Most specific level within a category

Ex calling all dogs a poodles

108
Q

Basic level

A

Middle level
Learned first
Ex dog

109
Q

Category heirarchy

A

Organized subset relations

Animal- dog-poodle

110
Q

Concepts

A

General ideas that can be used to group together objects in a similar way

111
Q

Egocentric spatial representations

A

Coding spatial locations relative to ones own body without regard to surroundings

112
Q

Essentialism

A

Living things have an essence inside them that makes them what they are

113
Q

False belief problems

A

Test a childs understanding that other people will act according to their own beliefs not their own

114
Q

Naïve psychology

A

Commonsense level of understanding of other people and self

115
Q

Numerical equality

A

The realization that all things of the same n objects have something i common

116
Q

Object substitution

A

Form of pretense in which an object is used as something other than itself
Ex broom used as a horse

117
Q

Perceptual categorization

A

The grouping together of objects that look alike

118
Q

Pretend play

A

Make believe activities in which children create new symbolic relations

119
Q

Sociodramatic play

A

Children playing out scenes

Ex school or playing mommy

120
Q

Theory of mind

A

Organized understanding of how mental processes influence behavior

121
Q

Theory of mind module (TOMM)

A

Brain mechanism devoted to understanding other human beings

Developmental Psych (7 decks)

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