Exam 2 Flashcards
what kind of cells are plant and animal cells
Eukaryotic
surrounds the cell-separates the inside from the outside of the cell.
plasma membrane
This also surrounds the cell
phospholipid bilayer
proteins are embedded in the ________
phospholipid bilayer
what penetrates the bilayer from one side to the other
integral proteins
what protein only partially penetrates the bilayer
peripheral proteins
glycoproteins/lipids
some proteins and lipids that face the outside of the cell have sugars attached to them.
region of the cell b/w the plasma membrane and nucleus
cytoplasm
does a nuclear envelope have pores in it?
yes
when DNA unfolds, the ______________ is made
messenger RNA
what are ribosomes made of
protein and RNA
what translates the message into proteins
ribosomes
membranes dotted by ribosomes
rough er
no ribosomes is what “er”
smooth
Ovaries and testes that produce estrogen and testosterone have a lot of __________
smooth er
Modifies, refinery, warehouse and shipping center
golgi apparatus
_________is a series of enzyme steps that converts glucose to
2 pyruvate molecules
2 NADH
2 ATP.
glycolysis
can modify proteins by adding sugar molecules to them to form glycoproteins.
the golgi
25 nm diameter made of the protein Tubulin
microtubules
7 nm diameter made of the protein Actin
microfilaments
8-12 nm in diameter –protein keratins
intermediate filaments
all reactions in the mitochondria require what
oxygen
_______is a circular pathway located in the Matrix (liquid portion) of the mitochondria.
citric acid cycle
formula for citric acid cycle
6atp, 6nadh and 2 fadh2
___________ occurs in the Mitochondria Cristae (finger like membrane projections).
oxidative phosporylation
Plant Cells have the same organelles as Animal cells except they do not have ________
lysosomes and centrioles
_______ have Thylakoid membranes (look like stacks of coins)
chloroplasts
Thylakoid membranes have chlorophyll to capture radiant (light) energy and splits water to make ATP and NADPH
light reaction
In the fluid portion of the Chloroplast called the
stroma
calvin cycle occurs in the ______
stroma
what cells have the following:
Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
DNA/RNA
Ribosomes
They also have a cell wall made of peptidoglycans.
They may have a polysaccharide capsule for protection.
prokaryote cells
no nucleus and no membrane bound organelles
prokaryote cells
equires NO Energy for transport across the plasma membrane.
plasma transport mechanisms
movement of molecules from highly concentrated areas to areas less concentrated.
diffusion
Gasses such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and carbon monoxide diffuse the ___________ through plasma membranes.
easiest
diffusion of free water molecules through a plasma membrane
osmosis
free water molecules diffuse through the membranes with the help of water channel proteins called ________
aquaporins
________ need water molecules bound to them to keep them in solution.
solutes
______solution has a low number of solutes
hypotonic
_______solution has high number of solutes
hypertonic
_____ solution has the same number of solutes in and out of the cell.
isotonic
animal cells need what kind of solutions??
isotonic
if animals cell is put in hypotonic solutions….?
lysis
animal cell is put in hypertonic solution…?
shrivels
plant cells need what kind of solution
hypotonic
hypotonic solutions make plant cells…??
turgid
plant cells in isotonic solutions will become …?
flaccid
hypertonic solutions cause plants cells to….?
shrivel
another form of passive transport in which energy is not used.
facilitated diffusion
active transport requires what?
atp energy
cell eating—cells can pull in bacteria, viruses, food particles into vesicles.
phagocytosis
cell drinking—cells can pull in extracellular fluid in vesicles
pinocytosis
A molecule that loses electrons is
oxidized
A molecule that gains electrons is
reduced
Glucose is oxidized to the (#)_ carbon dioxides and Oxygen is reduced to water.
6
can glycolysis occur with or without oxygen present
yes
2 Pyruvates are oxidized to 2 Acetyl Co A and 2 CO2 producing
pyruvate oxidation
‘ATP synthase’ enzyme uses electron energy (proton motive force) from NADH and FADH2
chemiosomosis
each nadh generates
2.5 ATPs
each fadh2 generates
1.5 atp’s
How many ATPs would be made from 3 molecules of glucose?
96 atp’s
If Oxygen is not present _________ cannot enter the mitochondria
pyruvate
Pyruvate is converted to Lactate or Ethanol depending on the organism.
fermentation
strenuous exercise =
anaerobic metabolism
uses light energy and splits water and uses the protons H+ of water to make NADP into ‘NADPH’ (a plant NADH) and gives off Oxygen as a byproduct.
photosystem I
uses the proton gradient to power ATP synthase to change ADP+ P into ATP
photosystem II
The products of the light dependent reactions (photosystem 1 and 2) are
NADPH and ATP
