Bio 2 final

Question 1

______ is a possible explanation for

an observation

Answer 1

Hypothesis

Question 2

Must be tested to determine its validity
– Is often tested in many different ways
– Allows for predictions to be made

Answer 2

hypothesis

Question 3

can be changed and refined with new

data

Answer 3

hypothesis

Question 4

are random alterations in

genetic information

Answer 4

mutations

Question 5

why is genetic variation essential for evolution to occur?

Answer 5

allows natural selection to increase and decrease frequency of alleles in population

Question 6

advantageous to a population because it enables some individuals to adapt to the environment while maintaining the survival of the population.

Answer 6

genetic variation

Question 7

what does genetic variation result from

Answer 7

mutations, genetic recombination during meiosis and sexual recombination in reproduction.

Question 8

How do mitosis and meiosis differ

Answer 8

meiosis- reproductive cells, results in 4 haploid cells

Mitosis- body cells, results in 2 diploid cells

Question 9

3 conditions for natural selection to occur

Answer 9

1. Variation must exist
2. difference in # of offspring surviving
3. inheritance

Question 10

5 processes that can cause evolutionary change

Answer 10

• mutation
• non-random mating
• gene flow
• genetic drift
• natural selection

Question 11

what is directional selection?

Answer 11

one phenotype is favored over another

Question 12

what is stabilizing selection?

Answer 12

intermediate phenotype is favored over extreme

Question 13

what is disruptive selection?

Answer 13

only extreme phenotypes are favored

Question 14

what species do not have overlapping ranges

Answer 14

allopatric

Question 15

Sympatric is when species occur ___________ in an area

Answer 15

together

Question 16

what does a phylogenic tree represent?

Answer 16

evolutionary relationship of organisms, (their lineage)

Question 17

what derives from a common ancestor

Answer 17

ancestral character

Question 18

what is a derived trait

Answer 18

trait in present organism but not in ancestor organism “new and improved model”

Question 19

Are prokaryotes multicellular or unicellular?

Answer 19

unicellular

Question 20

what do prokaryotes lack?

Answer 20

nucleus, organelles bound by membranes

Question 21

prokaryotes are divided by what?

Answer 21

binary fission

Question 22

Are eukaryotes multicellular or unicellular?

Answer 22

multicellular

Question 23

What do eukaryotes have?

Answer 23

what prokaryotes lack, a nucleus and organelles bound by membranes

Question 24

what is haplodiplontic lifecycle

Answer 24

gametes are not the direct result of a meiotic division. Diploid sporophyte cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores.

Question 25

what is alternation of generations?

Answer 25

rotation b/w haploid and diploid stages

Question 26

5 derived traits of land plants

Answer 26

- AOG - multicellular dependent embryos - multicellular gametangia - walled spores produce sporangia - apical meristems

Question 27

what are key transitions in animal evolution?

Answer 27

- tissues - symmetry - body cavity - development

Question 28

tetrapods that have a | terrestrially adapted egg

Answer 28

amniotes

Question 29

what is the significance to the amniotic egg?

Answer 29

External fertilization does not work on land

Question 30

what did amniotic egg allow?

Answer 30

allowed reptiles to replace amphibians and become the dominant terrestrial vertebrate

Question 31

significance of water tight skin

Answer 31

prevent water loss and drying of skin

Question 32

structure of epithelial tissue

Answer 32

covers outside of body & lines organs within body

Question 33

function of epithelial tissue

Answer 33

protects against injury, fluid loss and pathogens

Question 34

connective tissue structure

Answer 34

binds and supports other tissues

Question 35

function of connective tissue

Answer 35

sparse population of cells in extracellular matrix

Question 36

what fiber provides strength and flexibility?

Answer 36

collagenous fibers

Question 37

binds epithelia to | underlying tissues and holds organs in place

Answer 37

loose connective tissue

Question 38

this connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments

Answer 38

fibrous

Question 39

what kind of tissues stores fat for fuel

Answer 39

adipose

Question 40

structure of muscle tissue

Answer 40

filaments of protein which causes muscles to contract

Question 41

function of muscle tissues

Answer 41

all types of body movement

Question 42

what kind of muscle is responsible for involuntary body activities

Answer 42

smooth

Question 43

structure of nervous tissue

Answer 43

neurons with branching extensions

Question 44

function of nervous tissue

Answer 44

processing and transmission of information

Question 45

what is homeostatsis

Answer 45

internal balance regardless of external environment

Question 46

how do animals coordinate function?

Answer 46

the endocrine system allows them to transmit chemical signals called hormones

Question 47

what is endothermic

Answer 47

produce heat by metabolism

Question 48

what is exothermic

Answer 48

gain heat from external sources

Question 49

who has single circulation with a two chambered heart?

Answer 49

bony fishes and chondrichthyans

Question 50

what is single circulation?

Answer 50

blood leaving the | heart passes through two capillary beds

Question 51

who has double circulation?

Answer 51

amphibians, reptiles and mammals

Question 52

double circulation

Answer 52

oxygen poor and oxygen rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left side of the heart

Question 53

what does double circulation maintain?

Answer 53

higher blood pressure in the organs

Question 54

provides blood to the heart | through the coronary arteries

Answer 54

aorta

Question 55

blood returns to the heart through the...

Answer 55

superior and inferior vena cava

Question 56

the SFV and IFV flow into the

Answer 56

right atrium

Question 57

where does blood begin its flow

Answer 57

right ventricle

Question 58

RV to the ______ via the _____________

Answer 58

lungs /// pulmonary arteries

Question 59

blood loads _____ and unloads ______

Answer 59

02 | co2

Question 60

o2 rich blood enters the heart where and through what

Answer 60

LA left atrium PV Pulmonary veins

Question 61

deliver saliva to lubricate food

Answer 61

salivary glands

Question 62

the junction that | opens to both the esophagus and the trachea

Answer 62

pharynx

Question 63

what connects to the stomach

Answer 63

esophagus

Question 64

why are viruses not considered organisms

Answer 64

-lack cellular structure, independent metabolism, and machinery for replication

Question 65

viruses tend to be ___________ specific

Answer 65

host

Question 66

One of the most lethal viruses in human history

Answer 66

influenza

Question 67

one of several emerging viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever, an often fatal illness

Answer 67

ebola

Question 68

causes severe hemorrhagic fever | • Among most lethal infectious diseases

Answer 68

ebola

Question 69

the total of all the ways an organism uses the resources of its environment

Answer 69

niche

Question 70

what is a fundamental niche

Answer 70

the niche | potentially occupied

Question 71

what is a realized niche

Answer 71

the niche is actually occupied

Question 72

how does competition affect species

Answer 72

a species fundamental niche may differ from its realized niche

Question 73

interaction in which an herbivore eats | parts of a plant or alga

Answer 73

herbivory

Question 74

an interspecific | interaction that benefits both species

Answer 74

mutualism

Question 75

where one species cannot | survive without the other or where both species can survive alone

Answer 75

mutualism

Question 76

one species benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped

Answer 76

commensalism

Question 77

what does energy flow through

Answer 77

trophic levels

Question 78

self feeders

Answer 78

autotrophs

Question 79

cannot synthesize organic from inorganic compounds

Answer 79

heterotrophs

Question 80

raw rate at which primary producers | synthesize new organic matter

Answer 80

gross primary productivity

Question 81

______ is the GPP less the respiration of the primary | producers

Answer 81

net primary productivity

Question 82

_______is the feeding | relationships between organisms in a community

Answer 82

trophic structure