Bio 2 final Flashcards
______ is a possible explanation for
an observation
Hypothesis
Must be tested to determine its validity
– Is often tested in many different ways
– Allows for predictions to be made
hypothesis
can be changed and refined with new
data
hypothesis
are random alterations in
genetic information
mutations
why is genetic variation essential for evolution to occur?
allows natural selection to increase and decrease frequency of alleles in population
advantageous to a population because it enables some individuals to adapt to the environment while maintaining the survival of the population.
genetic variation
what does genetic variation result from
mutations, genetic recombination during meiosis and sexual recombination in reproduction.
How do mitosis and meiosis differ
meiosis- reproductive cells, results in 4 haploid cells
Mitosis- body cells, results in 2 diploid cells
3 conditions for natural selection to occur
- Variation must exist
- difference in # of offspring surviving
- inheritance
5 processes that can cause evolutionary change
- mutation
- non-random mating
- gene flow
- genetic drift
- natural selection
what is directional selection?
one phenotype is favored over another
what is stabilizing selection?
intermediate phenotype is favored over extreme
what is disruptive selection?
only extreme phenotypes are favored
what species do not have overlapping ranges
allopatric
Sympatric is when species occur ___________ in an area
together
what does a phylogenic tree represent?
evolutionary relationship of organisms, (their lineage)
what derives from a common ancestor
ancestral character
what is a derived trait
trait in present organism but not in ancestor organism “new and improved model”
Are prokaryotes multicellular or unicellular?
unicellular
what do prokaryotes lack?
nucleus, organelles bound by membranes
prokaryotes are divided by what?
binary fission
Are eukaryotes multicellular or unicellular?
multicellular
What do eukaryotes have?
what prokaryotes lack, a nucleus and organelles bound by membranes
what is haplodiplontic lifecycle
gametes are not the direct result of a meiotic division. Diploid sporophyte cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid spores.
what is alternation of generations?
rotation b/w haploid and diploid stages
5 derived traits of land plants
- AOG
- multicellular dependent embryos
- multicellular gametangia
- walled spores produce sporangia
- apical meristems
what are key transitions in animal evolution?
- tissues
- symmetry
- body cavity
- development
tetrapods that have a
terrestrially adapted egg
amniotes
what is the significance to the amniotic egg?
External fertilization does not work on land
what did amniotic egg allow?
allowed reptiles to replace amphibians and become the dominant terrestrial vertebrate
significance of water tight skin
prevent water loss and drying of skin
structure of epithelial tissue
covers outside of body & lines organs within body
function of epithelial tissue
protects against injury, fluid loss and pathogens
connective tissue structure
binds and supports other tissues
function of connective tissue
sparse population of cells in extracellular matrix
what fiber provides strength and flexibility?
collagenous fibers
binds epithelia to
underlying tissues and holds organs in place
loose connective tissue
this connective tissue is found in tendons and ligaments
fibrous
what kind of tissues stores fat for fuel
adipose
structure of muscle tissue
filaments of protein which causes muscles to contract
function of muscle tissues
all types of body movement
what kind of muscle is responsible for involuntary body activities
smooth
structure of nervous tissue
neurons with branching extensions
function of nervous tissue
processing and transmission of information
what is homeostatsis
internal balance regardless of external environment
how do animals coordinate function?
the endocrine system allows them to transmit chemical signals called hormones
what is endothermic
produce heat by metabolism
what is exothermic
gain heat from external sources
who has single circulation with a two chambered heart?
bony fishes and chondrichthyans
what is single circulation?
blood leaving the
heart passes through two capillary beds
who has double circulation?
amphibians, reptiles and mammals
double circulation
oxygen poor and oxygen rich blood are pumped separately from the right and left side of the heart
what does double circulation maintain?
higher blood pressure in the organs
provides blood to the heart
through the coronary arteries
aorta
blood returns to the heart through the…
superior and inferior vena cava
the SFV and IFV flow into the
right atrium
where does blood begin its flow
right ventricle
RV to the ______ via the _____________
lungs /// pulmonary arteries
blood loads _____ and unloads ______
02
co2
o2 rich blood enters the heart where and through what
LA
left atrium
PV
Pulmonary veins
deliver saliva to lubricate food
salivary glands
the junction that
opens to both the esophagus and the trachea
pharynx
what connects to the stomach
esophagus
why are viruses not considered organisms
-lack cellular structure, independent metabolism, and machinery for replication
viruses tend to be ___________ specific
host
One of the most lethal viruses in human history
influenza
one of several emerging
viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever, an
often fatal illness
ebola
causes severe hemorrhagic fever
• Among most lethal infectious diseases
ebola
the total of all the ways an
organism uses the resources of its
environment
niche
what is a fundamental niche
the niche
potentially occupied
what is a realized niche
the niche is actually occupied
how does competition affect species
a species fundamental niche may differ from its realized niche
interaction in which an herbivore eats
parts of a plant or alga
herbivory
an interspecific
interaction that benefits both species
mutualism
where one species cannot
survive without the other or where both species can survive alone
mutualism
one
species benefits and the other is neither
harmed nor helped
commensalism
what does energy flow through
trophic levels
self feeders
autotrophs
cannot synthesize organic from inorganic compounds
heterotrophs
raw rate at which primary producers
synthesize new organic matter
gross primary productivity
______ is the GPP less the respiration of the primary
producers
net primary productivity
_______is the feeding
relationships between organisms in a community
trophic structure
