Bio Exam 3 Flashcards
Interphase includes which parts of the cell cycle?
G1, S, G2
DNA is replicated during which phase of the cell cycle?
S phase of Interphase
What is cytokinesis
division of the cytoplasm
When does cytokinesis occur?
right at the end of telophase
Cytokinesis in plant cells
cell plate forms from the fusion of vesicles carrying cellulose, forming the new cell wall between the daughter cells
cytokinesis in animal cells
form a cleavage furrow from microfilaments tightening to form 2 daughter cells
The spindles form and attaches to chromosomes during which phase of mitosis
Phophase and prometaphase
the spindles form and attach to chromosomes during which phase of meiosis
prophase I and prophase II
what are the spindles formed by
microtubules
the spindles are formed by microtubules which will attach to what
sister chromatids
what is the attachment of spindles formed by microtubules attached to sister chromatids
kinetochore
what is the attachment of sister chromatids to each other called
centromere
how are you able to determine that DNA replicates during S phase during interphase
you have twice as much DNA at the G2 than what you had at G1
True/false a cell is 2n=60
TRUE
how many chromosomes will it have at G1
60 chromosomes= 60 strands of DNA
how many chromatids will it have after S phase
120 chromatids= 120 strands of DNA
what are 2 strands of DNA formed at the centromere
chromatids
how many sister chromatids will there be during mitosis
60 sister chromatids= 120 strands of DNA
how many daughter cells will be made and how many chromosomes would there be in each daughter cell
2 daughter cells, 60 chromosomes in each one
the process by which millions of cells are made every second in an animals body, new skin, blood and bone cells
mitosis
Genes code for what?
all the proteins
how does the sister chromatids form
two identical chromatids (original + the copy) will join together
Humans are _______ (equation)
2n=46
How many chromosomes do humans have?
46 (46 strands of DNA)
Of the 46 chromosomes, how many are autosomes?
44 (22 pairs)
how many pairs are sex chromosomes?
1 pair
what is the synthesis phase when DNA replicates
S Phase of the cell cycle
what part of the cell cycle is when the DNA condenses
G2
what percent of a cells cycle is spent in interphase
90%
what are the phases of mitosis
prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
what is the process when cells divide into 2 daughter cells with identical chromosomes and genes
Mitosis
what is the process of prophase
sisterchromatids condense, centrioles migrate, and nucleolus and nucleus begin to fragment
what os the process of prometaphase
centrosomes form and the nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear
what is the process of metaphase
sister chromatids line up across equator of cell on metaphase plate
what is the process of anaphase
sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and spindle pulls them toward the poles of the cell
what is the process of telophase
nucleus and nucleolus reforms, spindle disappears, and cytokinesis occurs to form 2 daughter cells
what kind of cells is a cleavage furrow formed during cytokinesis
animal cells
if a couple has 4 boys what is the possibility of their next child being a girl?
1/2
A male who has the following genotype for 2 traits rrLL mates with a female who has the genotype RRll for these 2 trait. What would be the genotype of their offspring?
RrLl
If a color blind female Xc Xc mates with a normal male Xy, what is the probability that their daughters ___and sons___ would be colorblind.
0% and 100%
In snap dragon flowers red flowers crossed with white flowers results in pink flowers. this is because these alleles show _______
incomplete dominance
A male with very curly hair (CC) mates with a female with very straight hair (cc). All of their children are heterozygous Cc, with a phenotype of wavy hair. If one of these children with wavy hair (Cc) mates with someone with very straight hair (cc). What is the probability of having a child with very curly hair (CC) ?
0%
If a female X Xm a carrier for Muscular Dystrophy mates with a normal male Xy, what is the probability that their daughters ___and sons___ would have muscular dystrophy?
0% and 50%
which of the following crosses always result in heterozygous offspring?
AA x aa
can 2 normal individuals produce a child with cystic fibrosis which is an autosomal recessive disorder?
yes
A female heterozygous for type A (AO) blood mates with a male who is heterozygous for type B(BO) blood. What are the possible blood types of their offspring?
A, B, AB, and O
A female with type A blood is married to a man with type AB blood. They have 2 children: 1 with type AB blood and 1 with type O blood. Is he the biological father of both children?
no
After meiosis, a cell with 80 chromosomes at G1 will form ______ daughter cells, with ________ chromosomes in each one
4, 40
tetrads form during _____ of _______
prophase I, meiosis
sister chromatids separate during ________
Anaphase II, meiosis AND Anaphase, Mitosis
if you find cells that have 1.5 times the DNA than normal, then these cells are in _______
S phase
sister chromatids attach to each other at the _____
centromere
tetrads separate to form haploid sister chromatids during ________
Anaphase I, meiosis
After mitosis, a cell with 100 chromosomes at G1, will form how ____daughter cells, with with______chromosomes in each one.
2, 100
what phase of the cell cycle is shortened in cancer cells
interphase
if a cell does not proceed through the M checkpoint, the cell will be stuck in _____
metaphase
What are alleles?
alternate forms of a gene
Homozygous or heterozygous? LL
homozygous dominant
Homozygous or heterozygous? Ll
heterozygous
Homozygous or heterozygous? ll
homozygous recessive
Homozygous or heterozygous? EE
homozygous dominant
Homozygous or heterozygous? ee
homozygous recessive
Homozygous or heterozygous? Ee
heterozygous
Which of the genotypes ( LL, Ll, ll, EE, ee, Ee) would show a recessive phenotype?
Ll or ee
If we have 2 heterozygous dominant individuals mated as the P2 generation, what would be the phenotype of their offspring (F2)?
3 windows peak, 1 straight hair; genotypes: 1 WW, 2Ww, 1ww
what is the phenotypic ratio? 3:1
widow’s peak and 1 straight hair
A woman with Type O blood has a child with Type A blood. She claims that a man with Type AB blood is the biological father. Is this possible that he is the father?
yes
A woman with type A (IAi genotype) blood has a child with type AB blood. Her husband has type B (IBi) blood. Is he the biological father of this child?
yes
If a person is Hh for hypercholesterolemia, could this be a problem?
Yes, they have mild hypercholesterolemia. Cholesterol levels will be higher than normal (causing plaque to build up in their coronary arteries and arterioles), and by the time they reach their 50s, would be susceptible to a heart attack.
a monohybrid is how many squares
4
a dyhybrid is how many squares
16
a trihybrid is how many squares
64
A couple gets married and they have a child, which has cystic fibrosis (autosomal recessive disease). They did not have this disease. How is it possible for them to produce a child with cystic fibrosis.
Cystic Fibrosis is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder (cc). If the parents are heterozygous Cc (they are carriers) there is a 25% probability that they could have a child with cystic fibrosis.
Is it possible for a couple who are both Rh + to produce a child that is Rh -? Explain your reasoning.
Yes, if they are both heterozygous for the Rh factor +/-; there is a 25% probability of producing a Child that is Rh negative
A plant with the alleles RRss is mated to another plant with the alleles rrSS. What would be the genotype of the offspring?
RrSs
Mutations in what types of genes lead to cancer.
protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
What is the cause of Downs’s Syndrome, Turner’s syndrome and Kleinfelter’s syndrome?
nondisjunction
what are tetrads
homologous pairs of sister chromatids
his checkpoint determines whether cells enter G0 stage and stop mitosis, or continue on to S, G2 and Mitosis.
G1 check point
Cyclins that control mitosis degenerate at the end of Mitosis. They star to be produced during S phase and increase into G2.
G2 checkpoint
Sister chromatids are retained in Metaphase until every microtubule is attached to one of the sister chromatids, then the cell can proceed to Anaphase.
M checkpoint
