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Biology 1083 > Bio Exam 3 > Flashcards

Bio Exam 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Interphase includes which parts of the cell cycle?

A

G1, S, G2

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2
Q

DNA is replicated during which phase of the cell cycle?

A

S phase of Interphase

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3
Q

What is cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm

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4
Q

When does cytokinesis occur?

A

right at the end of telophase

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5
Q

Cytokinesis in plant cells

A

cell plate forms from the fusion of vesicles carrying cellulose, forming the new cell wall between the daughter cells

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6
Q

cytokinesis in animal cells

A

form a cleavage furrow from microfilaments tightening to form 2 daughter cells

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7
Q

The spindles form and attaches to chromosomes during which phase of mitosis

A

Phophase and prometaphase

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8
Q

the spindles form and attach to chromosomes during which phase of meiosis

A

prophase I and prophase II

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9
Q

what are the spindles formed by

A

microtubules

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10
Q

the spindles are formed by microtubules which will attach to what

A

sister chromatids

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11
Q

what is the attachment of spindles formed by microtubules attached to sister chromatids

A

kinetochore

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12
Q

what is the attachment of sister chromatids to each other called

A

centromere

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13
Q

how are you able to determine that DNA replicates during S phase during interphase

A

you have twice as much DNA at the G2 than what you had at G1

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14
Q

True/false a cell is 2n=60

A

TRUE

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15
Q

how many chromosomes will it have at G1

A

60 chromosomes= 60 strands of DNA

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16
Q

how many chromatids will it have after S phase

A

120 chromatids= 120 strands of DNA

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17
Q

what are 2 strands of DNA formed at the centromere

A

chromatids

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18
Q

how many sister chromatids will there be during mitosis

A

60 sister chromatids= 120 strands of DNA

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19
Q

how many daughter cells will be made and how many chromosomes would there be in each daughter cell

A

2 daughter cells, 60 chromosomes in each one

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20
Q

the process by which millions of cells are made every second in an animals body, new skin, blood and bone cells

A

mitosis

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21
Q

Genes code for what?

A

all the proteins

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22
Q

how does the sister chromatids form

A

two identical chromatids (original + the copy) will join together

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23
Q

Humans are _______ (equation)

A

2n=46

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24
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46 (46 strands of DNA)

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25
Q

Of the 46 chromosomes, how many are autosomes?

A

44 (22 pairs)

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26
Q

how many pairs are sex chromosomes?

A

1 pair

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27
Q

what is the synthesis phase when DNA replicates

A

S Phase of the cell cycle

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28
Q

what part of the cell cycle is when the DNA condenses

A

G2

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29
Q

what percent of a cells cycle is spent in interphase

A

90%

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30
Q

what are the phases of mitosis

A

prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

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31
Q

what is the process when cells divide into 2 daughter cells with identical chromosomes and genes

A

Mitosis

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32
Q

what is the process of prophase

A

sisterchromatids condense, centrioles migrate, and nucleolus and nucleus begin to fragment

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33
Q

what os the process of prometaphase

A

centrosomes form and the nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear

34
Q

what is the process of metaphase

A

sister chromatids line up across equator of cell on metaphase plate

35
Q

what is the process of anaphase

A

sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and spindle pulls them toward the poles of the cell

36
Q

what is the process of telophase

A

nucleus and nucleolus reforms, spindle disappears, and cytokinesis occurs to form 2 daughter cells

37
Q

what kind of cells is a cleavage furrow formed during cytokinesis

A

animal cells

38
Q

if a couple has 4 boys what is the possibility of their next child being a girl?

A

1/2

39
Q

A male who has the following genotype for 2 traits rrLL mates with a female who has the genotype RRll for these 2 trait. What would be the genotype of their offspring?

A

RrLl

40
Q

If a color blind female Xc Xc mates with a normal male Xy, what is the probability that their daughters ___and sons___ would be colorblind.

A

0% and 100%

41
Q

In snap dragon flowers red flowers crossed with white flowers results in pink flowers. this is because these alleles show _______

A

incomplete dominance

42
Q

A male with very curly hair (CC) mates with a female with very straight hair (cc). All of their children are heterozygous Cc, with a phenotype of wavy hair. If one of these children with wavy hair (Cc) mates with someone with very straight hair (cc). What is the probability of having a child with very curly hair (CC) ?

A

0%

43
Q

If a female X Xm a carrier for Muscular Dystrophy mates with a normal male Xy, what is the probability that their daughters ___and sons___ would have muscular dystrophy?

A

0% and 50%

44
Q

which of the following crosses always result in heterozygous offspring?

A

AA x aa

45
Q

can 2 normal individuals produce a child with cystic fibrosis which is an autosomal recessive disorder?

A

yes

46
Q

A female heterozygous for type A (AO) blood mates with a male who is heterozygous for type B(BO) blood. What are the possible blood types of their offspring?

A

A, B, AB, and O

47
Q

A female with type A blood is married to a man with type AB blood. They have 2 children: 1 with type AB blood and 1 with type O blood. Is he the biological father of both children?

A

no

48
Q

After meiosis, a cell with 80 chromosomes at G1 will form ______ daughter cells, with ________ chromosomes in each one

A

4, 40

49
Q

tetrads form during _____ of _______

A

prophase I, meiosis

50
Q

sister chromatids separate during ________

A

Anaphase II, meiosis AND Anaphase, Mitosis

51
Q

if you find cells that have 1.5 times the DNA than normal, then these cells are in _______

A

S phase

52
Q

sister chromatids attach to each other at the _____

A

centromere

53
Q

tetrads separate to form haploid sister chromatids during ________

A

Anaphase I, meiosis

54
Q

After mitosis, a cell with 100 chromosomes at G1, will form how ____daughter cells, with with______chromosomes in each one.

A

2, 100

55
Q

what phase of the cell cycle is shortened in cancer cells

A

interphase

56
Q

if a cell does not proceed through the M checkpoint, the cell will be stuck in _____

A

metaphase

57
Q

What are alleles?

A

alternate forms of a gene

58
Q

Homozygous or heterozygous? LL

A

homozygous dominant

59
Q

Homozygous or heterozygous? Ll

A

heterozygous

60
Q

Homozygous or heterozygous? ll

A

homozygous recessive

61
Q

Homozygous or heterozygous? EE

A

homozygous dominant

62
Q

Homozygous or heterozygous? ee

A

homozygous recessive

63
Q

Homozygous or heterozygous? Ee

A

heterozygous

64
Q

Which of the genotypes ( LL, Ll, ll, EE, ee, Ee) would show a recessive phenotype?

A

Ll or ee

65
Q

If we have 2 heterozygous dominant individuals mated as the P2 generation, what would be the phenotype of their offspring (F2)?

A

3 windows peak, 1 straight hair; genotypes: 1 WW, 2Ww, 1ww

66
Q

what is the phenotypic ratio? 3:1

A

widow’s peak and 1 straight hair

67
Q

A woman with Type O blood has a child with Type A blood. She claims that a man with Type AB blood is the biological father. Is this possible that he is the father?

A

yes

68
Q

A woman with type A (IAi genotype) blood has a child with type AB blood. Her husband has type B (IBi) blood. Is he the biological father of this child?

A

yes

69
Q

If a person is Hh for hypercholesterolemia, could this be a problem?

A

Yes, they have mild hypercholesterolemia. Cholesterol levels will be higher than normal (causing plaque to build up in their coronary arteries and arterioles), and by the time they reach their 50s, would be susceptible to a heart attack.

70
Q

a monohybrid is how many squares

A

4

71
Q

a dyhybrid is how many squares

A

16

72
Q

a trihybrid is how many squares

A

64

73
Q

A couple gets married and they have a child, which has cystic fibrosis (autosomal recessive disease). They did not have this disease. How is it possible for them to produce a child with cystic fibrosis.

A

Cystic Fibrosis is inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder (cc). If the parents are heterozygous Cc (they are carriers) there is a 25% probability that they could have a child with cystic fibrosis.

74
Q

Is it possible for a couple who are both Rh + to produce a child that is Rh -? Explain your reasoning.

A

Yes, if they are both heterozygous for the Rh factor +/-; there is a 25% probability of producing a Child that is Rh negative

75
Q

A plant with the alleles RRss is mated to another plant with the alleles rrSS. What would be the genotype of the offspring?

A

RrSs

76
Q

Mutations in what types of genes lead to cancer.

A

protooncogenes and tumor suppressor genes

77
Q

What is the cause of Downs’s Syndrome, Turner’s syndrome and Kleinfelter’s syndrome?

A

nondisjunction

78
Q

what are tetrads

A

homologous pairs of sister chromatids

79
Q

his checkpoint determines whether cells enter G0 stage and stop mitosis, or continue on to S, G2 and Mitosis.

A

G1 check point

80
Q

Cyclins that control mitosis degenerate at the end of Mitosis. They star to be produced during S phase and increase into G2.

A

G2 checkpoint

81
Q

Sister chromatids are retained in Metaphase until every microtubule is attached to one of the sister chromatids, then the cell can proceed to Anaphase.

A

M checkpoint

Biology 1083 (8 decks)

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