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Biology 1620 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Define: Cuticle

A

A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that: 1. Prevents the desiccation (drying out) in terrestrial plants 2. Protects against microbial attack

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2
Q

What is the significance of charophytes?

A

Known as Green Algae. Closest relatives of land plants

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3
Q

Where is lignin found?

A

Vascular plant cell walls

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4
Q

What purpose does lignin serve?

A

A hard material (in cell walls) provides structural support in terrestrial plants

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5
Q

Viridiplantae:

A

2 subgroups: Charophytes and Chlorophytes. INcludes the largest amount of genetic diversity among plant-like organisms

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6
Q

_________ _________ are adaptations that inhibit herbivory (plant predators)

A

Secondary Compounds

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7
Q

Name three secondary compounds and their function

A

-Alkaloids
-Terpenes
-Tanins
Bitter taste, strong odor, or toxic effect. Defends plants against herbivores/parasites

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8
Q

How do plants transport water, minerals, ets?

A

Xylem (upward travel)

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9
Q

What three routes can water and minerals take through a plant?

A

Transmembrane, Symplastic, Apoplastic

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10
Q

The ________ includes everything outside the plasma membrane of a plant cellm including cell walls, intercellular spaces, and space within dead structures such a s xylem vessels and tracheids

A

Apoplast devise -Plaster the outside of the membrane

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11
Q

In plants, the continuum of cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata between cells (Live tissues) is:

A

Symplast

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12
Q

Define Symplastic route:

A

Water and solutes move along the continuum of cytosol. (requires substance to cross 1 cell membrane)

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13
Q

Define Apoplastic route:

A

Water and solutes (dissolved chemicals) move along cell walls and extracellular spaces

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14
Q

Define Transmembrane route:

A

Water and solutes move out of one cell, across the cell wall, and into another. (requres repeated plasma membrane crossings)

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15
Q

A non-vascular plant that has flagellated sperm, non-woody structure and life cycle is primarily a gametophyte

A

Bryophyte

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16
Q

Name two fern characteristics

A
  • Became Coal

- Water must be presentt for flagellated sperm

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17
Q

What plants became coal deposits?

A

Ferns. (NOT WOODY PLANTS)

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18
Q

What four groups of plants have flagellated sperm?

A
  • All early plants (until angiosperms)
  • Lycophyta (club moses, spike mosses, and quillworts)
  • Pterophyta (ferns)
  • Bryophytes
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19
Q

What is the significance of the rudction of the gametophyte phase of a plant’s life cycle?

A

Indicated ongoing evolution. Sporophytes are more complex and are more dominant in modern plants

20
Q

T or F. Pine trees dispers their offspring by wind and do NOT have flagellated sperm.

A

True

21
Q

What is the difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms?

A

Angiospems HAVE flowers

Gymnosperms do NOT

22
Q

___________ are known as “vessel seed” plants, they are flowering, most diverse group of land plants. Beetles eat the pollen and spread it when they poop

A

Angiosperms

23
Q

Describe Gymnosperms

A

“Naked seed” including conifers. Don’t have flowers. Ex: pine cones

24
Q

What are the four phyla of Gymnosperms (Naked Seed)

A
  • Cycadophyta
  • Ginkgophyta (one living species Ginkgo biloba)
  • Gnetophyta
  • Coniferophyta (pine, fir, and redwood)
25
Q

Name three characteristics of cycads

A
  • Flagellated sperm
  • Large cones
  • Palm-like leaves
26
Q

A flower has four types of modified leaves. What are they?

A

1-Sepals (enclose the flower)
2-Petals (bright attract pollinators)
3-Stamens (produce pollen)
4-Carpels (Produce ovules)

27
Q

A flower, sporophyll, pine cone and vines are examples of what?

A

Modified leaves

28
Q

What are the characteristics of angiosperms?

A
  • Double fertilization. One sperm fertilizes the egg cell and forms a diploid zygote. The other sperm forms the endosperm and provides nutrients for the zygote
  • Have flowers/fruit
29
Q

What is unique about orchids?

A

They do NOT have large endosperm and smallest seed, they germinate soon after leaving the ovary

30
Q

Ovule=

A

Seeds

31
Q

Ovary=

A

Fruit/Develops the fruit

32
Q

Style=

A

Shaft that supports the stigma

33
Q

Stamen

A

Holds up pollen

34
Q

Stigma

A

Sits on top of the style collects pollen

35
Q

Micropyle

A

Small opening on the surface of an ovule, where the pollen tube penetrates

36
Q

How do Nectar producing plants differ from non-nectar plants?

A

Brightly colored flowers and attract animals to disperse the seeds.

37
Q

How do plants prevent herbivary?(getting eaten)

A

Physical and chemical barriers

  • Poisons(poison ivy)
  • Secondary compounds
38
Q

Name the four plant tissue types.

A

1-Vascular tissue (long-distance transport, xylem/phloem)
2-Epidermal Tissue (outer plant protection)
3-Meristem
4-Ground Tissue (not ground or vascular, storage photosynthesis and support)

39
Q

Name the 3 vascular tissues:

A

Xylem-water up
Phloem-Sugars down
Sieve Tubes-Sugars up and down

40
Q

Thick dead cells, that are found in hollow xylem. Have smaller diameter and can move water higher in plants:

A

Tracheids

41
Q

Found in xylem, are thicker in diameter than tracheids, but cannot move as high. Found in most angiosperms NOT gymnosperms (conifers)

A

Vessel Elements

42
Q

Define Sieve tube element:

A

Living cell found in angiosperm phloem, move sugars.

43
Q

Define: Collenchyma cells. Give one example.

A

Structural cells grouped in strings. Help support young plant cells. Flexible without hindering growth. Ex. Celery Strings

44
Q

The least specialized structure cells. Perform metabolic functions can divide (white part in an apple)

A

Parenchyma PAREN-ts like apples

45
Q

True or False: Sclenchyma cells provide the plant with strength and are rigid and dead at full maturity.

A

True

46
Q

A ____ _______ covers the leaves and not the roots

A

Waxy cuticle (primary difference)

47
Q

How do plants grow?

A

Have inderterminate growth (no set mature size, can continually grow)

Biology 1620 (8 decks)

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