Exam 2 Flashcards
Define: Cuticle
A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that: 1. Prevents the desiccation (drying out) in terrestrial plants 2. Protects against microbial attack
What is the significance of charophytes?
Known as Green Algae. Closest relatives of land plants
Where is lignin found?
Vascular plant cell walls
What purpose does lignin serve?
A hard material (in cell walls) provides structural support in terrestrial plants
Viridiplantae:
2 subgroups: Charophytes and Chlorophytes. INcludes the largest amount of genetic diversity among plant-like organisms
_________ _________ are adaptations that inhibit herbivory (plant predators)
Secondary Compounds
Name three secondary compounds and their function
-Alkaloids
-Terpenes
-Tanins
Bitter taste, strong odor, or toxic effect. Defends plants against herbivores/parasites
How do plants transport water, minerals, ets?
Xylem (upward travel)
What three routes can water and minerals take through a plant?
Transmembrane, Symplastic, Apoplastic
The ________ includes everything outside the plasma membrane of a plant cellm including cell walls, intercellular spaces, and space within dead structures such a s xylem vessels and tracheids
Apoplast devise -Plaster the outside of the membrane
In plants, the continuum of cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata between cells (Live tissues) is:
Symplast
Define Symplastic route:
Water and solutes move along the continuum of cytosol. (requires substance to cross 1 cell membrane)
Define Apoplastic route:
Water and solutes (dissolved chemicals) move along cell walls and extracellular spaces
Define Transmembrane route:
Water and solutes move out of one cell, across the cell wall, and into another. (requres repeated plasma membrane crossings)
A non-vascular plant that has flagellated sperm, non-woody structure and life cycle is primarily a gametophyte
Bryophyte
Name two fern characteristics
- Became Coal
- Water must be presentt for flagellated sperm
What plants became coal deposits?
Ferns. (NOT WOODY PLANTS)
What four groups of plants have flagellated sperm?
- All early plants (until angiosperms)
- Lycophyta (club moses, spike mosses, and quillworts)
- Pterophyta (ferns)
- Bryophytes
What is the significance of the rudction of the gametophyte phase of a plant’s life cycle?
Indicated ongoing evolution. Sporophytes are more complex and are more dominant in modern plants
T or F. Pine trees dispers their offspring by wind and do NOT have flagellated sperm.
True
What is the difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms?
Angiospems HAVE flowers
Gymnosperms do NOT
___________ are known as “vessel seed” plants, they are flowering, most diverse group of land plants. Beetles eat the pollen and spread it when they poop
Angiosperms
Describe Gymnosperms
“Naked seed” including conifers. Don’t have flowers. Ex: pine cones
What are the four phyla of Gymnosperms (Naked Seed)
- Cycadophyta
- Ginkgophyta (one living species Ginkgo biloba)
- Gnetophyta
- Coniferophyta (pine, fir, and redwood)
Name three characteristics of cycads
- Flagellated sperm
- Large cones
- Palm-like leaves
A flower has four types of modified leaves. What are they?
1-Sepals (enclose the flower)
2-Petals (bright attract pollinators)
3-Stamens (produce pollen)
4-Carpels (Produce ovules)
A flower, sporophyll, pine cone and vines are examples of what?
Modified leaves
What are the characteristics of angiosperms?
- Double fertilization. One sperm fertilizes the egg cell and forms a diploid zygote. The other sperm forms the endosperm and provides nutrients for the zygote
- Have flowers/fruit
What is unique about orchids?
They do NOT have large endosperm and smallest seed, they germinate soon after leaving the ovary
Ovule=
Seeds
Ovary=
Fruit/Develops the fruit
Style=
Shaft that supports the stigma
Stamen
Holds up pollen
Stigma
Sits on top of the style collects pollen
Micropyle
Small opening on the surface of an ovule, where the pollen tube penetrates
How do Nectar producing plants differ from non-nectar plants?
Brightly colored flowers and attract animals to disperse the seeds.
How do plants prevent herbivary?(getting eaten)
Physical and chemical barriers
- Poisons(poison ivy)
- Secondary compounds
Name the four plant tissue types.
1-Vascular tissue (long-distance transport, xylem/phloem)
2-Epidermal Tissue (outer plant protection)
3-Meristem
4-Ground Tissue (not ground or vascular, storage photosynthesis and support)
Name the 3 vascular tissues:
Xylem-water up
Phloem-Sugars down
Sieve Tubes-Sugars up and down
Thick dead cells, that are found in hollow xylem. Have smaller diameter and can move water higher in plants:
Tracheids
Found in xylem, are thicker in diameter than tracheids, but cannot move as high. Found in most angiosperms NOT gymnosperms (conifers)
Vessel Elements
Define Sieve tube element:
Living cell found in angiosperm phloem, move sugars.
Define: Collenchyma cells. Give one example.
Structural cells grouped in strings. Help support young plant cells. Flexible without hindering growth. Ex. Celery Strings
The least specialized structure cells. Perform metabolic functions can divide (white part in an apple)
Parenchyma PAREN-ts like apples
True or False: Sclenchyma cells provide the plant with strength and are rigid and dead at full maturity.
True
A ____ _______ covers the leaves and not the roots
Waxy cuticle (primary difference)
How do plants grow?
Have inderterminate growth (no set mature size, can continually grow)
