Exam 2 Flashcards
Define: Cuticle
A waxy covering on the surface of stems and leaves that: 1. Prevents the desiccation (drying out) in terrestrial plants 2. Protects against microbial attack
What is the significance of charophytes?
Known as Green Algae. Closest relatives of land plants
Where is lignin found?
Vascular plant cell walls
What purpose does lignin serve?
A hard material (in cell walls) provides structural support in terrestrial plants
Viridiplantae:
2 subgroups: Charophytes and Chlorophytes. INcludes the largest amount of genetic diversity among plant-like organisms
_________ _________ are adaptations that inhibit herbivory (plant predators)
Secondary Compounds
Name three secondary compounds and their function
-Alkaloids
-Terpenes
-Tanins
Bitter taste, strong odor, or toxic effect. Defends plants against herbivores/parasites
How do plants transport water, minerals, ets?
Xylem (upward travel)
What three routes can water and minerals take through a plant?
Transmembrane, Symplastic, Apoplastic
The ________ includes everything outside the plasma membrane of a plant cellm including cell walls, intercellular spaces, and space within dead structures such a s xylem vessels and tracheids
Apoplast devise -Plaster the outside of the membrane
In plants, the continuum of cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata between cells (Live tissues) is:
Symplast
Define Symplastic route:
Water and solutes move along the continuum of cytosol. (requires substance to cross 1 cell membrane)
Define Apoplastic route:
Water and solutes (dissolved chemicals) move along cell walls and extracellular spaces
Define Transmembrane route:
Water and solutes move out of one cell, across the cell wall, and into another. (requres repeated plasma membrane crossings)
A non-vascular plant that has flagellated sperm, non-woody structure and life cycle is primarily a gametophyte
Bryophyte
Name two fern characteristics
- Became Coal
- Water must be presentt for flagellated sperm
What plants became coal deposits?
Ferns. (NOT WOODY PLANTS)
What four groups of plants have flagellated sperm?
- All early plants (until angiosperms)
- Lycophyta (club moses, spike mosses, and quillworts)
- Pterophyta (ferns)
- Bryophytes
What is the significance of the rudction of the gametophyte phase of a plant’s life cycle?
Indicated ongoing evolution. Sporophytes are more complex and are more dominant in modern plants
T or F. Pine trees dispers their offspring by wind and do NOT have flagellated sperm.
True
What is the difference between angiosperms and gymnosperms?
Angiospems HAVE flowers
Gymnosperms do NOT
___________ are known as “vessel seed” plants, they are flowering, most diverse group of land plants. Beetles eat the pollen and spread it when they poop
Angiosperms
Describe Gymnosperms
“Naked seed” including conifers. Don’t have flowers. Ex: pine cones
What are the four phyla of Gymnosperms (Naked Seed)
- Cycadophyta
- Ginkgophyta (one living species Ginkgo biloba)
- Gnetophyta
- Coniferophyta (pine, fir, and redwood)
