Exam 2 Flashcards
Fungi belong to the ___ clade.
Unikont
Unikont clade is defined by this synapomorphy.
Flagellated cells have a singular posterior flagellum.
Fungi ploidy, cellularity, habitat, food method, cell wall
haploid, multicellular (ex yeasts), terrestrial, chemoheterotrophs, chitin in cell walls.
group of hyphae are called
mycelium
hyphae with no cell wall separations are
coenocytic
Fungal Reproduction method is
spores
Fungal Asexual specialized hyphae and spores
conidiophores, conidia
Fungal Sexual basic model
Plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis, mitosis
Five types of fungus
Chytrids, Zygomycetes, Basidiomycetes, Ascomycetes, Glomeromycetes
Chytrid defining features
Decomposers and parasites, unicellular or small multicellular, Only flagellate fungus
Zygomycetes defining features
Molds; decomposers, parasites, mycorrhizae
Microsporidia are
unicellular parasites
Glomeromycetes defining features
only underground, only asexual, produce ENDOmycorrhizae: grow through cell walls and for arbuscles in root cortex cells
Ascomycetes defining features
yeasts, food molds, mildew, morels, truffles; decomposers, parasites, lichens, ECTOmycorrhizae
Fruiting body of ascomycetes
Ascocarp
specific spores and spore holders of ascomycetes
Asci, Ascospores
How many spores are in each ascus?
8 ascospores, which have undergone 2 rounds of meiosis
Basidiomycetes defining features
Mushrooms, shelf fungus, puffballs; decomposers, parasites, ECTOmycorrhizae
Fruiting body of basidiomycetes
Basidiocarp, which produces basidium (located on the gills) which holds basidiospores.
How many basidiospores are on a basidium?
4 basidiospores, which have undergone 1 round of meiosis.
Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between
a photoautotroph and a fungus, typically ascomycetes.
Seeds include 3 parts:
Embryonic sporophyte, food supply, protective coat.
Seeds vs Spores
Seeds are multicellular, abundant food, hardier because of coat.
Size of gametophyte in plants
microscopic
Sporophyte relationship to gametophyte
provides nutrients, protects female gametophyte
As the sporophyte generation becomes larger:
the gametophyte generation becomes smaller.
Homosporous
Homosporous have only one type of sporangium that produces only one type of spore, produces bisexual gametophyte (seedless plants)
Heterosporous
two types of sporangia, male (micro) and female (mega) (seeding and SOME seedless vascular plants)
Basic sexual cycle of seed plants:
Sperm fertilizes egg, creates sporophyte generation, meiosis in sporocytes produce spores of gametophyte generation.
Male sporangium:
microsporangium, produces microspores which develop male gametophytes.
Female sporangium:
megasporangium, produce megaspores, that develop female gametophytes.
Plant ovule:
Megasporangium surrounded by layer of protective tissue (integument)
Each plant ovule produces
one haploid megaspore
Megaspore develops into
female gametophyte, which produces egg
After fertilization, Ovule develops into ___ and integument develops into ___ ___.
1) seed, 2) seed coat
microspores develop into _____ inside the microsporangia.
pollen grain
male gametophyte of seed plants
pollen grain
pollen grain produces:
sperm
Pollination:
transfer of pollen from anther to stigma
Xylem:
carries water and minerals from root.
Phloem:
Distributes sugars, amino acids, organic compounds
Vascular tissue of plants is strengthened by
lignin
Gymnosperm phylum cycadophyta defining features
Large cones, palm leaves, located in tropics, dioecious
dioecious
male and female reproductive structures on separate plants
Gymnosperm phylym Ginkgophyta defining features
Ginkgo biloba, dioecious, naked seeds, only wild in China
Gymnosperm phylum Gnetophyta
native to tropics and desert, many variations
gymnosperm phylum coniferophyta
Largest gymnosperm gorup, woody plants with needles, evergreen, most are monoecious (male and female on same plant)
Monocots
single cotyledon; palms, grasses, orchids, irises, onions, lillies; herbaceous; parallel veins; multiples of three
carpels
females structure of angiosperms
Stamens
male structure of angiosperms
Eudicots
two cotyledon; oaks, roses, mustards, cacti, blueberries, sunflowers; herbaceous or woody; branched veins; multiples of four or five
flower parts
petals (modified leaves), sepals, stamens, carpels
carpel parts
Stigma, style, ovary
Stamen parts
anther, filament
angiosperm Pollen grains contain 2 cells:
one produces nonflagellated sperm cells, one grows into pollen tube
angiosperm female gametophyte consists of seven haploid cells:
One egg, two polar nuclei, several other cells
Angiosperm fertilization:
2 sperm, one fertilizes egg, one fuses with 2 polar nuclei (3n endosperm food source)
In angiosperms, ovary becomes
fruit
Birds pollinate:
yellow, orange, red flowers which aren’t strongly scented
Bats pollinate:
Large white petal flowers, scented, which bloom at night
Wind pollinates:
Small or no petal flower, unscented, no nectar
Bees pollinate:
yellow, blue, purple colored, scented flowers
butterflies pollinate:
red and pink flowers, weak scent
Carrion flies pollinate:
reddish brown flowers, smell rotten
Asexual reproduction in angiosperms:
Rhizomes, tubers, bulbs, corm, stolon
Annual plants:
1 year life
biannual:
2 years
perennial:
forever
woody plants are
always perennial
Three types of vascular plant tissues:
Ground, Vascular, Dermal
Ground tissue:
includes three cell types which function in photosynthesis, storage, and support
Vascular tissue:
Xylem and Phloem function in conduction and support
Dermal tissue:
covers plant bodies
Ground tissue cell types:
Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
Parenchyma cell walls:
thin primary cell wall, no secondary cell wall
Parenchyma function:
photosynthesize, store (starches, oil, salts, and water), secrete (hormones, nectar, and enzymes), can function as stem cells.
Collenchyma cell walls:
Thicker primary cell wall, no secondary wall.
Collenchyma function:
flexible support to nonwoody and young plants
Sclerenchyma cell walls:
Primary and secondary cell wall (secondary cell wall thick with lignin)
Sclerenchyma function:
Often dead at maturity, provide hard, inflexible support.
Xylem cell types:
Tracheids and vessel elements
Xylem cell function:
form hollow channels to transport water and minerals from roots to shoots (supported by parenchyma cells and fibers)
Tracheids:
thin cells with tapered ends; water moves laterally through pits, in all vascular plants
Vessel elements:
wider cells with end perforations and lateral pits; water moves laterally and vertically, ONLY IN ANGIOSPERMS
Phloem cells:
form channels to transport organic molecules; supported by parenchyma cells, companion cells, and fibers
Sieve tube elements:
Cytoplasm extends through cells, which lack organelles.
Dermal tissue:
Herbaceous plants are protected by only epidermis Woody plants also have periderm which forms outer bark.
Epidermis is perforated by___
Stomata
Epidermis can be modified into trichomes:
outgrowths that produce hair-like structures; root hairs: increase surface area
Periderm is comprised of ___
cork cells
Meristem tissue:
Stem cells, allow for indeterminate growth.
Indeterminate growth takes place in:
roots and stems
Determinate growth takes place in
Leaves and flowers.
Secondary growth:
only in woody plants; growth outward where primary growth has ceased.
Primary growth:
increase in the length of stem and root.
Vascular Cambium:
adds new vascular tissue layers (secondary xylem and secondary phloem)
Wood is
Secondary xylem
Cork Cambium:
produces cork cells, periderm.
Bark:
periderm and secondary phloem.
Leaves are the main site of ____
photosynthesis.
Blade of leaf:
flattened, expanded portion
Petiole
stalk joining blade to stem
Veins of leaf
strands of vascular tissue in leaves
Epidermal cells:
are transparent, other than guard cells
Mesophyll
photosynthetic ground tissue layer between upper and lower epidermis
Mesophyll is comprised of ___ cells
Parenchyma
Palisade mesophyll:
located near upper epidermis, cells packed closely together; they perform photosynthesis
Spongy mesophyll:
near lower epidermis, cells loosely packed and irregularly arranged; photosynthesis and gas exchange
Bundle sheath:
protective layer of parenchyma/sclerenchyma cells around vein
Modified leaves:
Spines, Tendrils (vine attachment), Storage leaves, Carnivorous plant traps
Monocot mesophyll:
only spongy
Terminal buds
embryonic stems at stem tips
Axillary buds
form at junction between stem and leaf
Herbaceous eudicot stem:
Ground tissue divided into cortex and pith; vascular bundles around periphery, between cortex and pith
Cortex
outer ground tissue; provides storage, support, photosynthesis
Pith
Internal ground tissue core; storage
Herbaceous monocot stem:
Vascular bundles scattered throughout ground tissue of stem (surrounded by bundle sheath [sclerenchyma cells]); Ground tissue not organized into cortex or pith
Woody eudicots and most gymnosperms stem:
Secondary xylem and phloem replace primary xylem and phloem. Cork cambium produces cork cells to replace epidermis with periderm. Ground tissue replaced by vascular tissue.
Heartwood
inner wood
Sapwood
Xylem in woody plant
Lenticel
splits in periderm for gas exchange
Xylem transport:
Entirely passive, water and minerals pulled from soil by roots all the way to stem.
Tension-Cohesion-Adhesion model
Tension at top of plant pulls water up to replace lost water at leaves. Cohesion of water molecules forms unbroken chain, adhesion does as well.
Plant saps:
xylem sap is thin, phloem is syrupy.
Phloem transport:
active, pressure flow model, difference in concentration of molecules.
Eudicot and Gymnosperm roots:
Taproot system derived from radicle (root that emerges from seed)
Seedless vascular plants and monocot roots:
Fibrous root system; originally from radicle, then from stem (adventitious)
Herbaceous eudicot root structures:
Single layer of epidermal cells; ground tissue, cortex only, no pith. Primarily parenchyma cells; Vascular tissue, stele Central vascular bundle surrounded by endodermis. X is xylem, surrounded by phloem
Monocot root structure:
Ground tissue: cortex and pith, primarily parenchyma. Separate bundles of Xylem and Phloem.
Casparian strip
blocks things from entering the vascular bundle without first crossing a membrane
Modified roots
prop roots, pneumatophores (breathing), epiphytes (aerial roots)
Legume
Mutualistic with roots, fix N2 into NH3
Animals lack cell walls, they make up for it with
collagen
Animals have these 2 cell types, unique to animals
nervous and muscular
Animal gametes are produced by
meiosis
cleavage
mitotic cell divisions of the early embryo, without cell growth.
blastula
a hollow ball of cells produced by cleavage of the zygote
blastocoel
fluid filled cavity of the blastula
gastrulation
one end of embryo folds inward and expands; this forms ectoderm and endoderm, as well as blastopore
gastrula
blastocoel after gastrulation
archenteron
inside of gastrula
blastopore
the opening of the gastrula
Marine habitats features:
seawater provides support; temp is stable; little osmoregulation; food is available
Freshwater habitat features:
Less stable temp, o2, and water volume; energy required for osmoregulation
Terrestrial habitat features:
the body must be supported by a skeleton, temp is unstable, desiccation is a major issue.
Radically symmetrical animals:
cnidarians, comb jellies, echinoderms
Schizocoely
mesoderm splits to form the coelom
Enterocoely
endoderm folds to form the coelom
spiral cleavage and determinate development:
protostome and schizocoely
radial cleavage and indeterminate cleavage:
deuterostome and enterocoely
eumetazoa
all animals except sponged
ecdysozoa
molts
lophotrochozoa
has lophophore, ring of tentacles
bilateria
clade of animals excluding radially symmetrical ones
