Chapter 31 (animals part 1) Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
What phylum features sessile adults, present in marine and freshwater habitats, which feed through suspension, are asymmetrical, and have no true tissues?
A
Phylum Porifera
2
Q
Is phylum Porifera monophyletic?
A
Possibly no.
3
Q
Porifera’s outer body is
A
perforated by pores.
4
Q
Central cavity of porifera is called the
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spongocoel.
5
Q
In porifera, water is drawn through the ____, into the ____, and flows out the ____.
A
pores, spongocoel, osculum.
6
Q
Opening to the spongocoel is the ____
A
osculum.
7
Q
collar cells which line the spongocoel:
A
choanocytes
8
Q
A
A choanocyte cell. The flagellum creates a water current, the collar traps food particles.
9
Q
Outer layer of sponge:
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Epidermal cells form outer layer
10
Q
Porocytes
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cells that form the middle layer of sponges, they contract to regulate pore size.
11
Q
Inner layer of sponge
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formed by choanocytes.
12
Q
Sponge gelatinous middle layer:
A
Mesohyl, filled with spicules or spongin. Amoebocytes wander around inside the mesohyl, perform digestion, make spicules, and produce gametes.
13
Q
Sponge reproduction:
A
reproduce asexually via fragmentation.
Sponges are typically hermaphroditic.
Sperm is released into the water while eggs stay in the mesohyl. Larval state swim and settle.
14
Q
Phylum Cnidaria primary habitat:
A
Mainly marine
15
Q
Phylum Cnidaria locomotion:
A
Planktonic or sessile
16
Q
These organisms can exist as solitary organisms or colonial organisms, and have contractile tissues and nerves (nerve net, no brain), and are radially symmetrical diploblasts with hydrostatic skeletons.
A
Cnidaria
17
Q
Hydra, jellyfish, sea anemones, box jellies are all examples of
A
Cnidarians
18
Q
Cnidarians body plan:
A
Radially symmetrical; sac-like body with a central digestive tube. Mouth and tentacles at one end (single opening gastrovascular cavity.) Sessile polyp (mouth out) and free-floating medusa (mouth down). Ectoderm gives rise to epidermis; endoderm gives rise to inner gastrodermis; separated by gelatinous acellular mesoglea.
19
Q
Cnidarian tentacles are lined with ____.
A
Cnidocytes.
20
Q
Cnidocytes
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Defense/capture cells with stinging organelles called Nematocysts. Unique to cnidarians.
21
Q
These cnidarians alternate between polyp and medusa form, reproduce sexually and asexually (colonial budding), and can be sessile or planktonic. Some are found in freshwater.
A
Hydrozoans
22
Q
These cnidarians are typically medusa dominant (polyp stage may even be absent.) They have a thick layer of mesoglea, and are primarily planktonic and marine.
A
Scyphozoans (Jellyfish)
23
Q
These cnidarians have a dominant box-shaped medusa phase with four tentacles or tentacular groups. They are planktonic and marine, and they have complex eyes that form blurry images. They have highly toxic cnidocytes.
A
Cubozoans (Box jellies)
24
Q
These cnidarians only exist in the polyp stage. They are sessile and exist in marine environments. They can be solitary organisms or exist in colonies.
A
Anthozoans (Sea anemones and corals)
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These cnidarians are actually colonies of individual polyps. They secrete hard CaCO3 skeletons and have symbiotic relationships with zooxanthellae (which give them their color).
Corals (Anthozoans)
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Cnidarians: Mainly marine, some freshwater; alternation of polyp and medusa stages in most species (polyp form only in *Hydra*); some form colonies.
Hydrozoa; *Hydra, Obelia,* Portuguese man-of-war.
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Cnidarians: Mainly marine; typically inhabit coastal water, free-swimming medusa most prominent form; polyp stage often reduced.
Scyphozoa; Jellyfish
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Cnidarians: Inhabit tropical and semitropical waters; have polyp stage, but medusa form most prominent; square shape when viewed from above; actively hunt prey; complex eyes that form blurred images.
Cubozoa; Box jellyfish
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Cnidarians: Marine; solitary or colonial polyps; in most no medusa stage; gastrovascular cavity divided by partitions into chambers, increasing area for digestion; sessile.
Anthozoa; Sea anemones, corals, sea fans
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This phylum is mainly planktonic and inhabits marine areas. They have eight comb rows (bands of cilia). Some have sticky tentacles; all have two digestive openings. They are bioluminescent and have biradial symmetry and are diploblasts [two tissue layers (two cell layer separated by mesoglea)]
Ctenophora; comb jellies
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Bilateral, triploblastic acoelomates found in marine, freshwater, and damp terrestrial habitats. They can be free-living or parasitic. They are the most primitive to exhibit cephalization [Simple brain (ganglia) and paired nerve cords). They have a one opening Gastrovascular cavity. The phylum is not monophyletic.
Platyhelminthes; flatworms, turbellarians, trematodes, monogeneans, cestodes
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Platyhelminthes: Free-living, mostly marine, sexual (hermaphrodites cross-fertilize) and asexual (binary division) reproduction. They have a ciliated epidermis a protonephridia for waste excretion and water balance (Cilia in flame bulbs channel wastes to excretory pores). They have Auricles (chemosensory flaps detect food) and Muscular pharynx used to suck in food.
Turbellarians; Planarians
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Two Platyhelminthes: They are parasitic with a wide range of hosts, and have suckers and hooks for attachment. They alternate between sexual and asexual stages and require several hosts. Blood and liver flukes parasitize humans.
Trematodes and Monogeneans; flukes.
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Platyhelminthes; Parasite in vertebrate intestines typically with one or two intermediate hosts. Scolex (sucker and hooks) attaches to the intestinal lining. They have no mouth or vascular cavity. Their body is a chain of proglottids. Proglottids are male and female reproductive organs. They contain up to 100,000 eggs. These sections break off when a zygote is produced and released through host feces.
Cestodes; Tapeworms
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This phylum has a remnant coelom but is technically and functionally acoelomate. They live in marine environments and are typically burrowers. They have a proboscis, a hollow muscular tube that can be ejected from the anterior end and is used to capture prey. Their excretory, sensory, and nervous systems are extremely similar to flatworms, except these have a complete digestive tract (Mouth and Anus) and a closed circulatory system.
Nemertea; Ribbon Worms
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This phylum is the most primitive coelomates. They are found in marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. They have a soft body with a dorsal CaCO3 shell. Some marine species have a trochophore (top-shaped) larvae. They have a ventral foot for movement and body organs contained in a visceral mass. Their mantle secretes the shell. The mantle cavity houses gills or lungs. They have a radula, a belt of teeth. They have an open circulatory system and metanephridia for excretion.
Mollusca; cephalopods, gastropods, bivalves, chitons
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This mollusk occupies marine intertidal spaces. They have eight overlapping dorsal plates. They use their foot as a suction cup and use their radula to scrape algae off rocks.
Polyplacophorans; Chitons
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This mollusk is the second largest animal group. They occupy marine, freshwater, and terrestrial areas. They have a distinct head with eyes and tentacles. They experience torsion (rotation of visceral mass during embryonic development) and so have a coiled U shaped digestive tract and an anus in the anterior end, above head and gills. They use their radula to graze on algae or modify it for predation.
Gastropods; snails, slugs
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This mollusk occupies marine and freshwater territories. Their shell is divided into two halves. They have no distinct head and are the only mollusk with no radula, they use their gills for filter feeding and gas exchange.
Bivalves; scallop, clams, oysters, mussels
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These mollusks have a reduced internal shell. They are fast-swimming predators. Their mouth is surrounded by suckered tentacles. They have a bird-like beak and radula used to shed prey. They have an extremely well-developed sensory structure and brain. They are the only mollusks with a closed circulatory system. Their foot is modified into a muscular siphon. They confuse predators by ejecting ink and camouflaging. They can have 8, 10, or up to 90 tentacles.
Cephalopods; Octopi, Squids
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This phylum consists of segmented worms. Their segments function as a hydrostatic skeleton. They are coelomates, and they inhabit marine, freshwater, and damp soil environments. They have ganglia and a ventral nerve cord. Their circulatory system is closed and they have a complete digestive tract. They use Metanephridia for excretion and respirate cutaneously.
Annelida; Hirudinea, Oligochaetes, Polychaetes
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These annelids are mainly found in marine environments. Their segments have a pair of paddles (or feet) on each segment (Parapodia) and they function in locomotion and gas exchange. These paddles bear many setae (stiff bristles). Well-developed head with eyes and antennae. Their larvae are trochophore (top shaped).
Polychaetes; Christmas tree worms, sandworms, tubeworms
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These annelids are found in freshwater and terrestrial environments. They have no parapodia, and sparse septae and no well-developed head. They are hermaphroditic and cross-fertilize (exchange and store sperm, secrete mucous cocoon that slides over the body, picks up eggs and stored sperm. The cocoon slides off worm head and develops in soil). They are capable of regeneration. They have a complex digestive system (soil is ingested and passed into the modified esophagus (crop) that stores food. The gizzard grinds food up using ingested soil grains.) Metanephridia excretory tubes remove waste through exterior pores.
Oligochaetes; Earthworms
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These annelids are mainly found in freshwater. They lack setae and parapodia. They are predators of invertebrates or blood-sucking parasites. They have suckers at the anterior and posterior end and bladelike jaws slit host skin or enzymes digest host skin. They secrete anesthetic and anticoagulant.
Hirudinea; Leaches
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This phylum is mainly marine, they are coelomates with a complete digestive tract. They have a Lophophore, a circular crown of ciliated tentacles surrounding the mouth, which allows for suspension feeding. They have no distinct head and are typically sessile.
Lophophorates
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These lophophorates body is enclosed by two shells. They attach to the seafloor by stalk.
Brachiopods
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These Lophophorates are tube-dwelling marine worms. They bury in the sand and extend lophophore to feed.
Phoronids
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This phylum of microscopic pseudocoelomates occupies aquatic and damp soil. they have a complete digestive tract and a "brain" and eyespots. They have a crown of cilia for swimming and feeding and can survive in a dormant state for months to years. They are cell constant, each member of a given species has the same number of cells. Some species are parthenogenic, all female populations that produce offspring from unfertilized eggs.
Rotifera
49
There are __ phyla that fall under the umbrella Lophotrochozoa:
6: Flatworms, Nemerteans, Mollusks, Annelids, Lophophorates, and Rotifers
50
There are __ phyla in the group Ecdysozoa:
4: Nematodes, Tardigrades, Onychophorans, and Arthropods
51
In protostomes, the first opening in embryonic development becomes the ___ and there are two divisions, \_\_\_, and \_\_\_.
Mouth, Lophotrochozoans, and Ecdysozoans
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This phylum of microscopic pseudocoelomates have a pseudocoel functions as a hydrostatic skeleton. They function as decomposers in aquatic and soil habitats and are parasites in animals and plants. They include hookworms, blood-sucking intestinal parasites. In undercooked pork, they are Trichnia. Their body is covered by a tough cuticle, which molts during growth. They have a complete digestive tract and lack a circulatory system.
Nematoda
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This phylum is considered the most successful animal phylum. They are more than 80% of all animal species and there are more than 1 million described species.
Arthropods
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Arthropod body plan.
They are segmented with specialized body regions. Their hard exoskeleton protects them from predation and desiccation, allows for locomotion, but it must be molted. They have paired, jointed appendages for swimming, walking, feeding, sensory, and reproduction. They are coelomate with a brain and ventral cord, an open circulatory system. They breathe with fills or with tracheal tubes.
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Arthropod sensory structures
Antennae for taste and touch, compound eyes in insects and some crustaceans. Brain with ventral nerve cord.
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These early trilobites inhabited shallow Paleozoic seas from 540 to 250 mya. They had three body regions; anterior head with antennae and compound eyes, thorax, and posterior abdomen. Each segment had biramous appendages: segmented appendage with two jointed branches.
Trilobites
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These arthropods are terrestrial. They have uniramous appendages, a single pair of antennae and jawlike mandibles. Millipeds are diplopods with two pairs of legs per segment, and herbivores. Centipedes are chilopods with one pair of legs per segment, and carnivores.
Myriapods
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These arthropods have a cephalothorax (a fused head and thorax) and an abdomen. They have NO antennae. Chelicerae: fanglike feeding appendages. They are pedipalps, four pairs of walking legs. Most are arachnids.
Chelicerates
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Merostomes
Marine chelicerates that are mostly extinct. Eurypterids are extinct huge water scorpions. Horseshoe crabs are extant.
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Arachnids
Spiders, scorpions, ticks, harvestmen, and mites. They are carnivorous. Ticks and mites are parasitic; they cause mange, chiggers, and Lyme disease.
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This division of chelicerates have six pairs of appendages on their cephalothorax; chelicerae, pedipalps, 4 pairs of walking legs. They have eight eyes and tracheal tubes or book lungs for gas exchange. Their silk glands produce silk. Spinnerets spin silk into solid fibers.
Arachnids
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This phylum mainly occupies marine and freshwater. They form large components of zooplankton, especially larvae. They have biramous appendages; two pairs of antennae, three mouthpart appendages including mandibles, appendages on thorax and abdomen. They have compound eyes and use gills or skin for gas exchange.
Crustaceans
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Unique appendages of the phylum crustacean
They have appendages on the thorax and abdomen, unlike insects. They are specialized for swimming, walking, sperm transfer, egg carrying, or sensory.
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These crustaceans are marine and sessile suspension feeders. They secrete a hard CaCO3 shell.
Barnacles
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These crustaceans are terrestrial, freshwater and marine. They are usually benthic.
Isopods
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These are the most abundant crustaceans. They are planktonic.
Copepods
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These crustaceans are mainly marine. Their exoskeleton is hardened by CaCO3 . The cephalothorax is covered by the carapace. They have Chelipeds, large pinching claws. They have Swimmerets on their abdomen for swimming, copulation, and holding eggs.
Decapods
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This arthropod group is very abundant in terrestrial habitats. They have three body divisions and uniramous appendages on the head and thorax. They have simple and compound eyes and use tracheal tubes for gas exchange.
Hexapods
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Hexapod appendages
Uniramous appendages on the head and thorax. One pair of antennae and mandibles. Three walking leg pairs on the thorax.
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How does air enter the Hexapod body?
Spiracles, openings in the exoskeleton.
71
These structures in hexapods remove metabolic wastes from the blood and dump into the intestines.
Malpighian tubules
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Metamorphosis takes two forms in Hexapods: ____ and \_\_\_\_.
Incomplete and Complete
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An Incomplete metamorphosis means
the young resemble the adults, but they are smaller and lack wings and reproductive structures. In order to become adults, they molt several times.
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Complete metamorphosis means
There are four distinct stages in the life cycle; egg, larva, pupa, and adult. The Pupa stage is non-feeding.
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What are the reasons for insects tremendous successful?
They have extensive specialization of body regions and appendages. They have the ability to fly, a wide variety of defense mechanisms, they have effective communication and high reproductive output.
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Hexapod flight mechanism
One or two pairs of wings, which are an extension of the cuticle.
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Hexapod defense mechanisms
Stingers, cryptic or mimicking coloration.
