Chapter 32 (animals part 2) Flashcards
This phylum is marine animals with pentaradial symmetry.
Echinodermata
What is the symmetry of echinoderm larvae?
Bilateral
Echinoderm skeleton
a CaCO3 endoskeleton covered by thin skin. pedicellariae: modified pincer-like spines.
Echinoderm water vascular system:
a network of fluid-filled canals that branch into tube feet. functions in Locomotion (a hydrostatic skeleton) feeding and gas exchange.
Echinoderm tube feet function
part of the vascular system. They extend when filled with water, operated by ampulla: bulb that squeezes to force water into tube foot.
This phylum has no excretory organ, uses their tube feet or dermal gills for gas exchange, and has a complex digestive tract. They lack a brain but have a nerve ring and nerves extending into each of five arms.
Echinoderms
This echinoderm group attaches to substrates by stalk, or use their arms to crawl. They suspension feed with their arms.
Crinoids; sea lilies and feather stars
This group of echinoderms uses suctioned tube feet to attach to a substrate or grip their prey. They evert their stomach to feed, and have the ability to regenerate. Their body plan is a central disc with radiating arms.
Asteroids; sea stars
This group of echinoderms has a distinct central disc with long flexible arms. Their tube feet lack suckers.
Ophiuroids: basket stars and brittle stars
This group of echinoderms lack arms but have five rows of tube feet for movement. They have a complex jaw apparatus and a spherical or flattened test covered with spines.
Echinoids: sea urchins and sand dollars.
These echinoderms have an elongated sac-like muscular body. They lack spines and their endoskeleton is reduced. They have five rows of tube feet that a modified around the mouth to be feeding tentacles. They have the ability to eviscerate their internal organs when environmental conditions are poor.
Holothuroids: sea cucumbers.
This phylum has a closed circulatory system. They are segmented, usually have endoskeleton and ventral heart. There are three subphyla.
Chordata
There are three subphyla in the phylum Chordata: ____, ____, and ____
Urochordata: tunicates, Cephalochordata: lancelets, Vertebrata
There are four chordate synapomorphies:
Notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, endostyle, and muscular post anal tail.
a dorsal, flexible support rod in chordates composed of cartilage, that is typically replaced by the jointed skeleton.
the Notochord
this develops into the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) in chordates.
the Dorsal, tubular nerve chord
this groove in the pharynx of chordates secretes mucus to trap food particles and becomes the thyroid in most chordates.
the Endostyle
These structures are perforations or grooves in the pharynx, which are present in chordates as well a hemichordate and echinoderm ancestors. They allow suspension feeding in some invertebrate chordates, they form gill slits in aquatic vertebrates, and they form jaw structures in terrestrial vertebrates.
Pharyngeal slits/ pouches.
This group of chordates is marine invertebrates called tunicates and salps. Their body is covered by a tunic. They are suspension feeders and retain food particles on the mucous net. They display chordate synapomorphies as larvae.
Urochordates
When Urochordata larvae settle, they
undergo metamorphosis to lose their tail, notochord, and most of their nervous system.
These chordates are marine invertebrates called lancelets or amphioxus. They display synapomorphies as larvae and adults. As adults, they burrow. Their anterior end is exposed to suspension feed. They swim fish-like. They lack fins, jaws, heart, brain, and sense organs.
Cephalochordates
These chordates have a vertebral column made of cartilage or bony segments. Their brain is encased in cartilage or bony cranium. Vertebral column and cranium form part of endoskeleton. There is pronounced cephalization and well-developed sense organs, two pairs of appendages, a closed circulatory system, complete digestive tract, kidneys for excretion, and are typically diecious.
Vertebrates
How many pairs of cranial nerves extend into the body in vertebrates?
10-12 pairs
What does the circulatory system of vertebrates feature?
a ventral heart and hemoglobin
This group of vertebrates lacks jaws, paired fins, and scales. They have a cartilaginous cranium, and the notochord forms the main body support.
Jawless fish
This group of jawless fish are marine scavengers that lack vertebrae. They use slime glands to repel other scavengers and predators.
Myxini: hagfish
This group of jawless fish are marine and freshwater, though the marine species return to freshwater to reproduce. They are mainly fish parasites, which clamp onto skin and use a rasping tongue to puncture the skin to ingest blood while secreting an anticoagulant.
Petromyzontida: lampreys
This group of vertebrates are cartilaginous fish. They are primarily found in marine environments and have a paired jaw and two pairs of fins. They have 5-7 pairs of gills for gas exchange. Their skin and mouth contain placoid scales.
Chondrichthyes
This group of vertebrates are powerful swimmers. They store oil in their liver for buoyancy but must continue to swim or they will sink. Most are carnivorous, but largest sharks are suspension feeders. They have well-developed senses. Electroreceptors detect electric currents generated by muscle activity and a Lateral line organ, which functions as a motion detector.
Chondrichthyes: Sharks, rays, and skates
Chondrichthyes reproduce using ____ ____, Male transfers sperm using ____, eggs are handled in one of three ways: ___, ___, ____
Internal fertilization, claspers, oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous
Lay eggs which hatch outside the mother
Oviparous
eggs are retained within the mother and young hatch out of eggs in the uterus
Ovoviviparous
young develop in the uterus, are born live
Viviparous
This group of vertebrates have ossified endoskeletons with many vertebrae. Median and paired fins supported by rays of cartilage or bone. Bony, dermal scales cover the skin. A bony flap covers the gills.
Bony fish
Bony fish reproduction
They are oviparous and fertilize externally.
What is the bony flap covering the gills in bony fish and how many pairs of gills are there?
the Operculum, there are four or five pairs of gills.
What is the bone of bony fish comprised of?
a Hard matrix of calcium phosphate
These vertebrates have flexible fins supported by rays of bone. They have a modified lung that functions as a swim bladder, an internal air sac for buoyancy control.
Ray-finned fish
These vertebrates have fins supported by rod-shaped bones with joints. They also have primitive lungs.
Lobe-finned fish
These structures in lobe-finned fish have fleshy bases of muscle and bone and enable them to walk.
lobed fins
These lobe-finned fish are marine nocturnal predators and there are only two species.
Actinistia: coelacanths
These lobe-finned fish are found in Southern hemisphere freshwater. They breathe through lungs and gills. An Ancestral version of this thought to be a land vertebrate ancestor.
Dipnoi: lungfish
Tetrapods evolved from ancient ____.
Lungfish
Tetrapod ____ evolved from lobed fins
limbs
transitional fossil between fish and tetrapods lived in 375 mya
Tiktaalik
early tetrapod, four limbs but fully aquative with fills and tail fin
Acanthostega
These vertebrates are usually found in damp habitats. They include salamanders, newts, caecilians, frogs, and toads.
Amphibians
These amphibians have long tails
salamanders and newts
these amphibians are legless and nearly blind and burrow into moist soil
caecilians
These amphibians have hopping legs
frogs and toads
Amphibians require damp skin for ____ ______
gas exchange
Amphibians fertilize ____ in ____ habitat
externally, moist
amphibian male or female may protect and carry eggs on ____, in ____, or even in stomach
back, mouth
amphibian ____ larvae undergo metamorphosis
tadpole
aquatic, ____ tadpole develops into ____, carnivorous adult
herbivorous, terrestrial
a tadpole resorbs ____ and ___ then develops ____, ___ and ____
gills and tail; legs, lungs and external ear drums
paedomorphosis
an adult which retains certain larval characteristics
An amniotic egg has ___ membranes that protect the embryo.
four
a membrane in an amniotic egg that forms a fluid-filled sac around the embryo
the amnion (allowed terrestrial vertebrates to complete life cycle on land)
Membranes (other than the amnion) in amniotic eggs perform these functions:
store nutrients and wastes, carry out gas exchange
Reptilian eggs have a ___ which slows desiccation.
shell
Amniotes have skin with ____ in them, which is less permeable.
keratin
Amniotes use their rib cage to ____ __ ____
ventilate the lungs
Amniotes have more efficient ____ and ____ system
Heart and circulatory system
Amniotes include
reptiles and mammals
the Mesozoic era was from
250-66 million years ago
flying reptiles
Pterosaurs
lare marine reptiles
Ichthysosaurs
Closest relative of birds
Saurischian dinosaurs
“age of reptiles”
Mesozoic era 250-66 mya
Reptile reproduction
internal fertilization; some species are viviparous.
Reptiles are _____; their body temperature fluctuates with environment.
Ectotherms (except birds and dinosaurs)
Reptiles are _____ with well developed sense organs.
carnivorous
These reptiles have a bony shell with keratin scales with upper and lower shields. This shell is fused to the vertebrae, collarbone, and ribs. They lack teeth, and the marine species have forelimbs modified as flippers.
Testudines
there are only two living species of this reptile. They are found only on New Zealand islands, can live 100+ years
Tuataras
This group of reptiles includes lizards and snakes.
Squamata
these reptiles have an elongated body with no limbs
snakes
This snake retains vestigial hindlimb bones
Pythons
this snake has heat-detecting pit organs
Vipers
Snakes use a ____ to smell
forked tongue
Snakes have fangs, _____ and a loosely articulated jaw.
hollow teeth connected to venom glands
4 venomous snakes in the US
Rattlesnakes, Copperheads, Cottonmouths, and Coral snakes
This reptile group is the largest living reptiles, up to 23 feet.
Crocodilia
Type of Crocodilia found in Asia, Africa, and the Americas
Crocodiles
Type of Crocodilia found in southern US and China
Alligators
Type of Crocodilia found in Central America
Caimans
Type of Crocodilia found in South Asia
Gavials
Earliest birds retained some primitive reptile characteristics:
Teeth, Long tail, thick bones
This reptile has enlarged pectoral muscles attached to a keeled sternum. They have no teeth, and hollow, air-filled bones. Their outer covering is made of keratin to help retain body heat and water. They have a more efficient circulatory and respiratory system, and they are endotherms and their visual and auditory centers are well developed.
Birds
Portion of bird digestive tract are modified to the:
crop and gizzard
In birds, the crop ____ and the gizzard ____.
stores food; grinds food
In birds, the Cloaca stores
uric acid and feces
Flightless birds, except penguins, lack
enlarged pectoral muscles.
This phylum has mammary glands which produce milk. Their hair retains body heat. They are endotherms, and have a diaphragm to ventilate the lungs. They have large brains, specifically the cerebrum region. They have three middle ear bones that conduct vibrations, and cochlea in the middle ear. They have differentiated teeth.
Mammals
Mammals evolved from a reptile-like ancestor about:
200 mya
There are three major lineages of mammals:
placentals, marsupials, monotremes.
Egg-laying mammals that lack nipples.
Monotremes
Pouched mammals
Marsupials
Mammals with a more complex placenta and a longer gestation period
Placentals
